Value of products

EP = value of products - raw materials costs - annualized capital cost - energy cost... 

The value of PRODUCT formation and the raw materials cost of FEED that reacts to PRODUCT are constant. Alternatively, if the byproduct has no value, the cost of disposal should be included as... 

As discussed in Section 13.2, the technical, fiscal and economic data gathered to construct a project cashflow carry uncertainty. An economic base case is constructed using, for example, the most likely values of production profile and the 50/50 cost estimates, along with the best estimate of future oil prices and the anticipated production agreement and fiscal system. 

The economic magnitude of the U.S. fertilizer iadustry is iadicated by the yearly value of products which approaches 3 biUioa. U.S. fertilizer consumption represeats only about 13% of the total world consumption. Thus the aimual value of worldwide consumption is at least 22 biUion. The world investment for production faciHties to produce these quantities of fertilizer is also very high (114). 

TOSCO tar oils have high viscosity and may not be transported by conventional pipelines. Heating values of product gas on a dry, acid gas-free basis are in the natural gas range if butanes and heavier components are included. 

Value of products classified in the flat glass industry produced by all industries. 

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

The total annual value of products produced by electrochemical processing (see Table 1) is roughly 18 biUion. Electric power production in 1990 was 2908 x 10 kWh (9). Production of electric power increased about 2% in 1991 (4) although the economy was in a recession thus, electric power production in 1991 was about 2966 x 10 kWh. About 5% of the total electric power produced is used by the electrochemical process industries. PubHshed... 

Multilayer boards, which use multiple interior laminates of plastic and copper, now comprise over half of the value of production, though much less on a surface area basis. Surface mount technologies demand extreme flatness and reproducibiHty from surfaces. Greater packing density has led to commercial production of finer lines and holes, often less than 50 p.m and 500 p.m, respectively. Electroless gold over electroless nickel—phosphoms, or electroless nickel—boron alone, is often used as a topcoating for wire bonding or improved solderabiHty. 

If any one establishment with a primary SIC code between 20 and 39 produces or ships products whose value exceeds the value of products and services produced or shipped by any other establishment within the facility, the facility also meets the SIC code criterion. 

The value of production attributable to a particular establishment may be adjusted by subtracting the value of products obtained from other establishments within the same facility that are incorporated into its final products. This procedure eliminates the potential for double counting" production in situations where establishments are engaged In sequential production activities at a single facility. 

One establishment in a facility mines ore all of the ore is smelted at a second establishment in the facility. The facility could calculate the value of production for each establishment separately. Alternatively, the facility could determine the value of the smelter operation by subtracting the value of the ore produced from the value of entire facility s production. 

Net Profit = Value of Product — Cost of Reactant — Investment in Reactor — Cost of Operation ... 

Yield (% volume) Value of product ( -bbl ) Maximum production (bbl-day-1)... 

For your preliminary considerations, assume that the following values of product and reactant heat capacities are constant over the temperature range of interest. 

The productivity of the overall process depends on both the biological potential and performance of the technical equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influence of the apparatus on the biological systems. The resulting productivity depends on at least five parameters, i.e., X, jli, qp, t, and t2 (where tj = duration of growth and t2 = duration of poly(3HB) accumulation). To evaluate different values of productivity the initial biomass concentration, X, should always be indicated, e.g., as pr0 l for productivity with a X, value of 0.1 g 1. ... 

Cost of fresh charge A Cost of recovering A Value of product B Value of product C... 

K = Value of product + value of recovered A - cost of fresh A... 

The objective function in an economic model in RTQ involves the costs of raw materials, values of products, and costs of production as functions of operating conditions, projected sales or interdepartmental transfer prices, and so on. 

Value of products manufactured, of metals or chemicals recovered or recycled... 

Besides, products in a global multi-stage network can have a lead time caused by transportation or inventory ranges until they are used in the subsequent steps. This lead time has to be considered when calculating future inventory values of products in the value chain network a raw material product procured at a certain price can require several periods, until it is included in a final product sold in distant markets. Therefore, the inventory value change related to the procured raw material is effective certain periods after the raw material has been procured. 

In order to reflect these lead times, the concept of a timestamp is introduced. Timestamp is used in computer science documenting the system time when a certain event or transaction occurs e.g. for logging events (N.N. 2007). In the context of future inventory value planning, the time-stamp marks the period, when the first raw material has reached a certain stage in the value chain network included into a specific product. In the example illustrated in fig. 57, the raw material is processed in the same period to be converted into product 1. Therefore, all four value chain steps indexed from one to four occur in the same period and have the same time-stamp one. Conversion into product 2, however, requires additional time caused by production lead times, safety inventory and/or transportation time, that the steps indexed with five and six have a time stamp of two. The timestamp reflects that the inventory value of product 2 is not based on the raw material costs from the same period but based on the raw material costs from the previous period in order to reflect the lead time. Consequently, value chain indices and timestamps are defined for all steps and can cover multiple periods reflecting that raw materials in a global complex multi-stage value chain network can take several months, until they are sold as part of a finished product to the market. 

As discussed above, the pyrolysis of biomass at high temperature (>1000 °C) results in the formation of synthesis gas, a valuable mixture of CO and H2. The decomposition of carbohydrate to synthesis gas is an endothermic reaction since the heating value of product is —125% of that of the feedstock (Reaction 1). The reaction becomes nearly thermo-neutral upon burning about 1/4 of the products. Since the thermodynamics favors the combustion of H2 over CO, the gasification reaction resemble the theoretical Reaction (2). Indeed numerous gasification processes feed 02 or air to drive the gasification reaction. 

The important question of comparative value, mentioned earlier in Section 6, now must be considered. The material output of each process per unit of feed is estimated and multiplied by the market price of the material to arrive at a value of product. The output of the methanolysis processes, DMT and EG, are shown as a methanolysis-type product value in Table 16.5. The stoichiometric ratios are adjusted with a presumed 99 % recovery of DMT and 93 % recovery of EG. The output of the hydrolysis processes, TPA and EG, have the stoichiometric ratios adjusted for a presumed 99 % recovery of TPA and 93 % recovery of EG. The glycolysis processes, including methanolysis/BHET hybrid, are valued at 99 % recovery of terephthalic acid, 95 % recovery of ethylene glycol, and a US 0.022/kg esterification credit for making BHET. The EG recovery is higher for glycolysis-type products because of less loss of useful moieties. The three... 

Muda and Hanawa (MH) have approached the problem by considering the time variation of the quantities (r) = < r) cl,c, t)>, which are expectation values of products of creation and annihilation operators for site-centered orbitals >. The Schrodinger equation then leads to a set of first-order differential equations, viz.,... 

The results of the dynamic test for a positive change in the set point of the light component (A) are displayed in Figure 6. For a change in the set point from 0.987 to 0.991, the three systems are shown to be controllable and reach the new value of product composition, although the PUL scheme shows a quicker adjustment. lAE values were also calculated for each response the two best lAE values correspond to the new arrangements 4.20 x 10 for the PUL system, and 6.10 x 10 for the PUV system. The lAE value for the Petlyuk column was 2.35 x 10, which again shows a case in which the dynamic... 

In 1993, the overall shape of the NHS market by value of products dispensed was as follows generics accounted for 11 % by value and over 41 % by volume prescriptions for medicines still within patent accounted for 26% by value but only 7% by volume. The bulk of the NHS prescription market, 63% by value and 52% by volume was made up of active substances that were out of patent but still being prescribed by brand name. 

There are five basic sources of pharmaceuticals. By dollar value of products, fermentation is probably the most important, whereas by tonnage, chemical synthesis is dominant. Fermentation is used for antibiotics such as penicillins and tetracyclines. Chemical synthesis provides drugs such as the psychotropics and antihistamines. Animal extracts provide hormones. Biological sources lead to vaccines and serums. Vegetable extracts provide steroids and alkaloids. The top ten pharmaceutical companies in order of revenues are the following Merck, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson ... 

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