Total sales

In France, Superplus represented in 1993 about 90% of the demand for unleaded gasoline which itself has attained 40% of the total sales. Remember that this is an unusual situation for Europe because in most other countries Eurosuper has the major share. 

The rhodamines are economically the most important amino-substituted xandiene dyes. The total sales of Rhodamine B in the United States in 1980 were over 10. The total domestic market for duorescein and uranine was estimated to be over 0.5 x 10 /yr. 

Although a tremendous number of fermentation processes have been researched and developed to various extents, only a couple of hundred ate used commercially. Fermentation industries have continued to expand in terms of the number of new products on the market, the total volume (capacity), and the total sales value of the products. The early 1990s U.S. market for fermentation products was estimated to be in the 9-10 x 10 range. The total world market is probably three times that figure, and antibiotics continue to comprise a primary share of the industry. Other principal product categories are enzymes, several organic acids, baker s yeast, ethanol (qv), vitamins (qv), and steroid hormones (qv). 

Total sales of the fine chemical industry were estimated to amount to about 12 biUion in 1991, by an in-depth analysis of the product portfolio of representative fine chemicals manufacturers (11) and by performing top-down analyses of the fife science industry (12). However, some consulting firms gave higher (- 60 x 10 ) figures for the size of the fine chemicals business (13). 

The world ink industry had total sales estimated to be about 10.5 biUion in 1992. The United States had about 32% (by weight) of world sales with the remaining portion spHt between Asia and Europe/Africa. Japan has about 22% market share, Germany has 10%, and the U.K., Italy, and Erance each have 5%. The remaining share is spHt among many other countries. 

The price of cooker magnetrons at ca 700 W was in the range of several hundred dollars in the 1960s (11). As of the mid-1990s, this price is < 15. Total sales of microwave ovens worldwide exceed 20 x 10 /yr. The majority of homes in Japan and the United States have microwave ovens (94). European homes should foUow before the year 2000 (95). 

Unit values calculated from total sales and values... 

The principal worldwide manufacturers of nylon resins are given in Table 6. Total sales of nylon plastics in the United States and Canada in 1993 were 331,000 metric tons (37). West European sales were 352,000 t and Japanese sales 220,000 t (37). Figure 7 shows how sales in the United States have steadily increased since 1967 (38) and also how the price of nylon-6,6 has changed (39). The effect of the oil price rises, the boom of the mid-1980s, as well as the oil price reduction and the recession that followed are clearly evident. Table 7 shows the variation of price across different polyamide types. 

Total sales of prescription bronchodHators and antiasthma products in 1989 were approximately 1.2 and 3.3 bHHon in the North American and world markets, respectively (166). The three largest shares of the world market were held by Glaxo Holdings pic, Schering-Plough Corporation, and Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation. 

The total U.S. market for radiopharmaceuticals in 1993 was 406 million. Radiopharmaceuticals sold direcdy to U.S. hospital nuclear medicine departments accounted for approximately 25% of the total sales, or about 98 million. Another 308 million were sold via nuclear pharmacies. Of direct sales among the primary U.S. manufacturers, one had approximately 49% of the market, another approximately 34%, and the third about 9%. 

Total sales of pesticides in 1995 were estimated at 10.4 biUion. The distribution of sales among various classes of pesticides is shown in Table 1. 

Sulfonic acid Production, t % of Total Sales, t Av. price, /t Production t % of Total ... 

Many benzenoid quaternary cationic surfactants possess germicidal, fungicidal, or algicidal activity. Solutions of such compounds, alone or in combination with nonionic surfactants, are used as detergent sanitizers in hospital maintenance. Classified as biocidal products, their labeling is regulated by the U.S. EPA. The 1993 U.S. shipments of cationic surfactants represented 16% of the total sales value of surfactant production. Some of this production is used for the preparation of more highly substituted derivatives (101). 

Worldwide retail antibiotic sales in 1986 were approximately 11 biUion of which penicillins comprised approximately 2.5 biUion (66). Preparations containing ampicillin are estimated at 800 million whereas those containing amoxicillin are estimated at 1,020 million. Total sales include sales of ampicillin esters and the iireidopenicillins derived from ampicillin. Total sales of penicillins, including semisynthetic penicillins in the United States in 1987, were 25 million (67). Sales of amoxicillin, the largest single selling penicillin, were approximately 350 million. 

Year Total production, 10 t Total sales, 10 t Total value, 10 Unit value, /kg... 

Year Production Domestic sales and use Total sales and use... 

Total sales of water heaters have climbed steadily over the past several decades with sharp increases corresponding to times of high home construction rates. 

At a production of 1,000 tonnes, this means a total sales of 30 to 40 million a year. 

SAQ 8.7 The product value at 100% capadty will now be (total cost of production + 7 to 15% ROD, ie 16.04 to 1654 + 1.12 to 2.48. So the minimum product value will be 17.16 per kg of L-phenylalanine and the maximum product value 19.02 per kg of L-phenylalanine. It is rattier difficult to say whether this fictitious process would survive or could compete. Actual data are absolutely necessary. On the other hand this exercise gives us a better understanding of process economics and can also be used to compare a fermentative process for the production of amino adds with, for example, a chemo-enzymatic process. Calculate the return on investment over a 15 year period for an amino add fermentation, based on the following data and assumptions. Production capadty = 500 tonnes per annum Selling price of product = 50 kg Cost price of product = 24.5 kg 1 Capital = 40 million Taxes = 50%. Assumptions Cost of dealer discount, distribution and freight = 20% total sales Startup costs = 10% of capital Working capital = 25% of net sales Administration plus R and D costs = 12.5% of net sales. 

The total sales value for battery systems worldwide in 1997 may amount to US 25.5 billion and the sales value for battery separators correspondingly to US 600 million Table 1 gives an estimate of the work battery market, split according to the different battery systems. 

Worldwide total sales for the category of plastic products and plastic materials is now well over 275 billion/year. Machinery sales (primary, auxiliary, secondary, etc.) in the plastic industry are estimated to be above 7.5 billion/year (1995). 

Rank 2001 2000 1999 1998 Company Country Total sales (million ) Chem- icals (million ) Chem- icals %... 

This is a tax on a person s or company s income. It is often graduated. That is, the rate of the taxation depends on the amount earned. Federal income taxes are based on profits. Before figuring this tax all expenses legtimately incurred may be deducted. Most large corporations in the United States pay around a 48% federal income tax. This means 48% of their profits are taken in taxes by the federal government. Nearly all states and some cities also have income taxes. Some of these are based on total sales, but most are based on profits. Federal income taxes may or may not be considered as an expense. 

One way of avoiding estimating the number of maintenance personnel is to base the cost of maintenance on the total sales. In 1972, this cost ranged between 3 and 9% of total sales with the largest chemical companies ranging between 6.1 and 7.4%.50 For the whole chemical industry, maintenance averaged 4.8% of the total fixed assets. 

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