Product price influence

In most processes, the largest individual cost is raw materials. Raw materials costs and product prices tend to have the largest influence on the economic performance of the process. The value of raw materials and products depends on whether the materials in question are being bought and sold under a contractual arrangement (either within or outside the company) or on the open market (the spot price). Open-market prices can fluctuate considerably with time. Products are normally sold at below open-market price when under a contractual arrangement. 

Table 4 shows the worldwide and U.S. production figures and prices for phenol since the mid-1980s. Because the cumene process accounts for more than 95% of the world s phenol supply, the economics of phenol production are closely tied to this production method. In the cumene process 615 kg of acetone are coproduced with each ton of phenol produced. Thus, the economics of phenol production are influenced by acetone (qv). 

The graph illustrates the lowering of the production cost as the butane price falls away from the parity price influenced by the price of... 

Although Nestle is an important user of agricultural raw materials, we have no influence on general price developments, e.g. world market prices for coffee or cocoa or milk prices, just to mention our most important raw materials. These prices are very much market driven or influenced by political and trade regulations. However, changes in raw material prices affect our business performance because not all of those changes can be fully transferred to the final product prices. 

Link environmental monitoring and material-flow based strategic cost risk analysis. Eor example, what aggregated production cost potential might be related to CO2 emissions along the life cycle of a product What is the influence of the oil price on my product price ... 

Some products are complementaty and are used jointly, so that a decrease in price for one product may increase the demand for another. For example, automobiles and antifreeze are complementary products. Other products are substitutes that is, an increase in price for one product may increase the demand for the other. For example, nylon and polyester shirts are substitute products. The influence of one product s price F, on another product s demand is measured by the cross-elasticity ... 

The price relationships of the principal petrochemical products from a petrochemical refinery such as that of Figure 1 tend to fall into four broad categories. First are those chemical products which are not fuels or fuel intermediates themselves. While their pricing may be affected to some extent by fuels refinery product prices, their prices are primarily set by chemical competition and the effects of alternative process routes to the same product. Butadiene clearly falls in this class. Ethylene does also if ethylene alkylation to gasoline is regarded as a special situation having only a limited long term influence on ethylene prices. 

Among the factors that have mainly influenced the product mix choice of the various firms, most of the interviewed operators have indicated the product price as the key element in their choice followed by the production cost. Productive risk, mainly linked with product availability, ranks subsequently, particularly for one of the processing firms and for the larger cattle breeding farm. Marketing risk has been the last factor taken into account, which means that operators expect limited price volatility for their organic meat. 

The aim of surviving or thriving as an organic farmer can be accomplished in many ways. One component of survival is the financial viability of the farm. Farm returns ate influenced by input use, total production, product prices and market access, that is, production and marketing issues. A summary of issues is provided here to serve as a background for the policy issues, discussed in the next section. 

In economic theory, price influences buyer choice because price serves as an indicator of product or service cost. Assuming the buyer has perfect information concerning prices and wants satisfaction of comparable product alternatives, he or she can determine a product/service mix that maximizes satisfaction within a given budget constraint. However, lacking complete tmd accurate infoimation about the satisfaction associated with the alternative choices, the buyer assesses them on the basis of known information. Generally, one piece of information aveiilable to the buyer is a product s price. Other pieces of information about anticipated purchases are not always known, and buyers cannot be sure how reliable and complete this other information is. And because this other infoimation is not always available, buyers may be uncertain about their ability to predict how much they will be satisfied if they purchase the product. For example, if you buy a new car, you do not know what the relative incidence of car repairs will be for the new car until after some months or years of use. Ai a result of this imperfect information, buyers may use price both as an indicator of product cost as well as an indicator of quality (want satisfaction attributes). 

This brief outline of how price influences demand does not teU us about the extent to which price and demand are related for each product/service choice, nor does it help us to compare, for example, engineering services per dollar to accounting services per dollar. The concept of elasticity provides a quantitative way of making comparisons across product and service choices. 

Customer service represents the place component of the marketing mix. Customer service can be used to differentiate the product or influence the market price—if customers are wUling to pay more for better service. In addition, the supply chain structure will determine the costs of providing a specified level of customer service. 

Solid catalysts are used in almost 80% of all the production process of basic chemicals. Although catalyst cost has an influence on the product price, it usually accounts for a small part. The cost of catalyst is about 0.001%- % of the whole product cost in basic chemicals production, which is somewhat larger only for special chemicals such as medicaments. 

Another tricky question arises when facing life cycles of multi-output processes. Inputs, outputs and the related environmental impacts must then be allocated to products. This can be done according to physical properties of the product flows (mass or energy flows). If this is not possible or not justifiable the usual way is to allocate according to the economic value of the products (prices). In our study, both mass and price allocation have been applied to highlight the influence of this allocation procedure on the outcome of the analysis. 

Before World War n, pynites had been a governor on sulfur pricing, but after the war their influence diminished. More standard maiket fundamentals of supply-demand balance now influenced product pricing a summary of which is given below ... 

The success of all food and drinks products is influenced by such factors as advertising, product quality (particularly taste), pricing, and market positioning. Manufacturers of funchonal foods face addihonal challenges, notably the substantiation of health claims, an often unclear regulatory environment, and communicating potentially complex concepts in language that consumers understand and trust. 

Above aU, feedstock prices influence production cost. In the context of using low-cost lignocellulosic biomass as substrate source, direct cost for raw feedstock is lower, but more energy is needed for the pretreatment, and additional costs arise through consumption of cellulases that are expensive for the production of bulk commodities like fuel. On the other hand, such costs do not arise in starch-based feedstock since clostridia are amylolytic and do not require additional enzymes (Xue et al. 2013a). Research is made on understanding the mechanisms of sugar... 

Correcting any environmental problems associated with manufacturing influences product price. A common misconception is that a more environmentally friendly product or process is inherently more costly than one that is environmentally unfriendly. Engineers... 

A study determined that customers typically do not make buying decisions on their own but take the advice of relatives, friends, and particularly the sales force who exercise a strong influence in approximately half the sales decisions irrespective of product price. The first step is to determine key parameters of interest for a particular product. Consider, for example, audio equipment. From a table (similar to Table 3), selected are the top three or four attributes (e.g., price, cost of ownership, reliability, quality) mentioned most frequently. These selections represent the best candidates to link with environmental attributes to enhance the marketing value of an audio product. Similarly, the environmental factors were ranked by customers as listed in Table 4. Based on the results, it was concluded that energy consumption, hazardous substances, materials application, and recyclability were the most important environmental aspects to couple with other product attributes to help differentiate them from competitor products and increase their marketability [llj. 

The Beckstead-Derr-Price model (Fig. 1) considers both the gas-phase and condensed-phase reactions. It assumes heat release from the condensed phase, an oxidizer flame, a primary diffusion flame between the fuel and oxidizer decomposition products, and a final diffusion flame between the fuel decomposition products and the products of the oxidizer flame. Examination of the physical phenomena reveals an irregular surface on top of the unheated bulk of the propellant that consists of the binder undergoing pyrolysis, decomposing oxidizer particles, and an agglomeration of metallic particles. The oxidizer and fuel decomposition products mix and react exothermically in the three-dimensional zone above the surface for a distance that depends on the propellant composition, its microstmcture, and the ambient pressure and gas velocity. If aluminum is present, additional heat is subsequently produced at a comparatively large distance from the surface. Only small aluminum particles ignite and bum close enough to the surface to influence the propellant bum rate. The temperature of the surface is ca 500 to 1000°C compared to ca 300°C for double-base propellants. 

Fa.ts nd Oils. Eats and oils from rendering animal and fish offal and vegetable oilseeds provide nutritional by-products used as a source of energy, unsaturated fatty acids, and palatabiHty enhancement. Eats influence the texture in finished pet foods. The use and price of the various melting point fats is deterrnined by the type and appearance of the desired finished food appearance. 

Prices for the different material groups (F —F ) are largely influenced by product size and shape and the quantity of production. Apart from product shape, the main price-determining factor is the performance factor K Prices for the powder, a sintered anisotropic ring, and a sintered anisotropic segment are roughly on the order of 1, 2, and 5, respectively. 

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