Servicing costs

M rko-ting RG.(jUirG.mG.ntS. The primary portion of commodity chemical output is often sold on long-term contracts. Selling and service costs are minimal. Eor specialty chemicals, service and selling costs are likely to be high. 

Pricing of specialty chemicals and specialty chemical systems is, as noted, based on value to the customer. The elements of taw matetial and production cost enter into the producer s calculations, but extra emphasis must be given to appHcations research and service costs with minimal attention in most cases to capital costs. 

Declare the intention to continually improve quality, service, cost, and technology (see also Continuous improvement he ow). 

The first two statements in clause 4.1.1.4 create an ambiguity when read together. The first calls for improvements in quality, service, cost, and technology (but not productivity) to be provided for in the quality policy but not implemented and the second calls for improvement in quality and productivity to be identified and implemented with no mention of cost, service, or technology. 

Quality, service, cost, and technology are not mutually exclusive. One can t distinguish between a quality improvement and a service or technology improvement. It was necessary only to mention quality and cost, as an improvement in service must be an improvement in either the quality or cost of the service - all other factors come within the definition of quality. Improvements in technology are also improvements in quality or cost. Such improvements may improve the quality of design, quality of conformance, or quality of use (see Part 1 Chapter 1 under Quality parameters) or may cause a reduction in cost while not providing any change in product or service characteristics. 

Uncontrolled mirror-image studies (Table 2.4) largely support these findings. Of seven published studies, five suggested that the use of risperidone reduced hospital bed-stay and some calculated savings in health-care expenditure resulting from this. Conversely, Viale et al (1997) calculated that in-patient savings were offset by increases in community services costs, and Hammond et al (1999) estimated a substantial overall cost increase for community patients switched to risperidone for at least 3 months. 

Poole, A.H. Mabey, SJ. (1987). An Analysis of Farm Management Services Costed Mixed Farms 1986-7. Farm Marketing Services Report 58, Milk Marketing Board, Reading. 

Contract maintenance personnel cost more than plant personnel doing the same job. In 1967, it was estimated that the average contract person s services cost 4.71 per hour, while plant maintenance men cost 3.62 per hour.49... 

In contrast, the Tay-Sachs disease test patented by the Department of Health and Human Services costs about 100 per test, and the screening test for two breast cancer genes patented by a biotechnology firm costs 2,400 per test (Krimsky, 1999). 

In a cost-benefit analysis, both costs and consequences are valued in dollars and the ratio of cost to benefit (or more commonly benefit to cost) is computed. Cost-benefit analysis has been used for many years to assess the value of investing in a number of different opportunities, including investments (or expenditure) for health care services. Cost-effectiveness analysis attempts to overcome (or avoid) the difficulties in cost-benefit analysis of valuing health outcomes in dollars by using nonmonetary outcomes such as life-years saved or percentage change in biomarkers like serum cholesterol levels. Cost-minimization analysis is a special case of cost-effectiveness analysis in which the outcomes are considered to be identical or clinically equivalent. In this case, the analysis defaults to selecting the lowest-cost treatment alternative. Cost-utility analysis is another special case of cost-effectiveness analysis in which the value of the outcome is adjusted for differences in patients preferences (utilities) for the outcomes. Cost-utility analyses are most appropriate when quality of life is a very important consideration in the therapeutic decision. 

Example 2 - Resource inputs and customer profitability. Firms invest resources in a customer relationship with the objective of earning a return on that investment. Consistent with this goal, Shapiro, Rangan, Moriarty, and Ross (1987) develop the price versus cost-to-serve (which includes pre-sale, order-related, distribution, and postsale service costs) framework, which links vendor investments to the returns from each customer relationship. This relationship, however, is not a simple one efforts to find a strong correlation between vendor investments in a relationship (as measured by cost-to-serve) and returns (i.e. price paid by the customer) typically fail. Shapiro, Rangan, Moriarty, and Ross (1987) interpret this as evidence that high income does not necessarily mean high cost-to-serve. And nor does low income necessarily mean low cost-to-serve. 

What do these services cost Do you charge per hour, or is there a flat fee ... 

The construction cost, 2-4 times higher than for conventional facilities, will remain far less than the construction costs of LNG peak shaving facilities. Due to high deliverability, LRC storage facilities can be cycled several times per year. In this case, the service cost will be comparable to that of a conventional facility. 

The Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HED IS) is a health care report card created by NCQA. HEDIS standardizes health plan performance data and disseminates this information so that plans can be compared (O Malley, 1997). This allows health care purchasers and consumers to make informed choices (O Malley, 1997). HEDIS s performance domains include effectiveness of care, access and availability of care, health plan stability, use of services, cost of care, informed health care choices, satisfaction with the experience of care, and health plan descriptive information. 

Cynthia would like to implement a new service that would manage the medications taken by the HMO s heart failure patients. The questions that the HMO is asking include How much will the service cost and Will the interventions conducted by the pharmacist reduce hospitalizations and emergency department visits Cynthia has additional questions Will the interventions I conduct increase my patients health-related... 

The rapid and extensive growth of Internet technology increases the importance of protecting computer networks from attacks. In the last years the number of network attacks has been raised very promptly that has led to significant problems in different companies. For instance some companies like Yahoo were attacked by DoS (denial of service), costing them millions of dollars. 

Adoption of identical policy statements by each member organization on National Health Insurance, which covers issues such as mechanisms for health care delivery, necessity of pharmacy services, reimbursement policies, role of deductibles and copayments in pharmacy services, cost control and quality assurance mechanisms. 

Performance expectations are ohjective, unamhiguous, and measurable expectations customers have about a product or service. They must have an operational definition, a unit of measurement, and a desired target range. Examples include the weight of a product, service delivery lead times, the product or service cost, and such product quality characteristics as durability, reliability, maintainability, and so on. 

Gives IRR/NPV, cashflow and cover ratios (ie the ratio of net project revenue to debt service costs) on project investment. 

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