Produced water treatment

Keywords production decline, economic decline, infill drilling, bypassed oil, attic/cellar oil, production potential, coiled tubing, formation damage, cross-flow, side-track, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), steam injection, in-situ combustion, water alternating gas (WAG), debottlenecking, produced water treatment, well intervention, intermittent production, satellite development, host facility, extended reach development, extended reach drilling. 

With the smallest heating boilers or low volume/low pressure steam producers, water treatment service companies tend to promote easy-to-understand programs, typically based on only one or two multiple-component, blended chemical products (multiblends or one-drum treatments), or increasingly, the novel crystalline solid concentrates (solid water treatment). These customers often have only very limited, water-related, in-house technical skills, and multiblend product programs will seem attractive because they are relatively easy to apply. However, the blending process makes it notoriously difficult to control individual component reserves in the boiler and generally adds considerably to the overall program costs. 

Figure 11 Produced water treatment system. Treatment is mainly for oil and organics removal. (From Ref. 9.)...

Figure 6 Preliminary Troll Crude Oil Production Facilities and Produced Water Treatment System.

Phase produced water treatment, trade-off-decreasing drill weights. yes... 

In Hydrocyclones A Solution to Produced Water Treatment, Meldrum presents the basic design principle of a dc-oilmg hydrocy leone. System design, early operational experiences, and test results on a full-scale application in the North Sea are discussed. Oil-removal efficiency was seen to rise with increasing reject ratio up to around 1%, producing acceptable outlet concentrations Early field test results on a tension leg platform in the North Sea are discussed. Preliminary data on a pumped system are also given. 

PRELIMINARY TROLL CRUOE OIL PRODUCTION FACILITIES AND PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM... 

Zaidi, A. Constable, T. Produced Water Treatment Design Manual Wastewater Technology Centre Burlington, ON, 1994. 

Induced Gas Flotation. Mechanically induced gas dotation (IGF) is employed extensively to remove suspended solids, oil, and other organic matter from oil-field and refinery wastewaters. Consequently, these IGF units are particularly suited to the treatment of oil-in-water or reverse emulsions. Such units generally follow gravity oil-water separation units such as FWKOs, gun barrels, and skim tanks in oil-field-produced water-treatment schemes, and also handle the oily water streams generated from all treaters in a specific produced-fiuid treatment plant. 

The pilot test was in the Northwestern block of the Lamadian field. The target formation was in PI1.2. Some of the reservoir, fluid, and well data are shown in Table 5.19. The produced water came from the La400 produced water treatment station it was transported into a pressure container and put in contact with air for 5 minutes before it was transported into a reaction container for 2 hours. Then it was pumped into a water pipeline to mix with a mother polymer... 

Ebrahimi M, Ashaghi KS, Engel L, WUlershausen D, Mund P, Bolduan P, and Czermak P. Characterization and application of different ceramic membranes for the oil-field produced water treatment. Desalination 2009 245 533-540. 

The world s first membrane-based produced water treatment plant was built in 2013 to process 7200 m /d (45,000 barrels/d) produced water from an oilfield in San Luis Obispo County, California. The feed water TDS is 7000 mg/1. The treatment process is OPUS II technology, which consists of ceramic membrane pre-treatment followed by ion exchange and a two-pass RO system. Up to 20,000 bbl/d treated water is for surface discharge (TDS < 600 mg/1) and 25,000 bbl/d treated water is for use as once-through steam generation make-up (hardness < 2 mg/1 as CaCOs). Based on pilot studies the RO recovery was 80% in first-pass RO and 90% in 2nd-pass RO [11]. 

Application of Membrane Bioreactor Technology for Produced Water Treatment... 

Coal Bed Methane Produced Water Treatment Case studies ... 

Ahmadun, F. Pendashteh, A. Abdullah, L. Biak, D. Madaeni, S. Abidin, Z. - Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 170 (2009) 530-551. 

Rajindar Singh - Oil and gas Produced water treatment for beneficial uses. Filtration+Separation, January-February 2010. 

Kwon, S. BCinney, K. - Pilot scale test of a produced water treatment system for initial... 

The next two subsections focus on two topics (1) polymer-solution mixing (including selection of the water source and polymer-solution makeup) and injection and (2) produced-water treatment (including oily-water treatment). 

Produced-Water Treatment. Produced-water treatment in polymer flooding is not only related to produced-water usage, but also to environmental protection. Because some polymer exists in the produced water, the viscosity of the produced water will be in-... 

The selection of water source for the polymer solution and produced water treatment should follow certain criteria to ensure the effectiveness of polymer flooding. 

Techniques for produced water treatment for toxicity reduction are still under development. Novel treatment technologies may yet be applied, but good water management of existing facilities will certainly contribute to the overall control of toxicity. Water treatment chemicals, which reduce the dispersed oil content in the effluent water, can also contribute to the toxicity of such effluent. Other chemicals used to control scale, bio-fouling, and corrosion can also contribute to effluent water toxicity, but are commonly required to reduce equipment maintenance costs. As a result, optimization of the chemicals application program can help control effluent toxicity as well as reduce the overall chemical usage costs. 

Since the early 1980s, hydrocyclones have been used in produced water treatment to de-oil the water prior to discharge. Hydrocyclones used to de-oil the water are referred to as "hquid-liquid de-oiling" hydrocyclones. Liquid-liquid hydrocyclones are further classified as static or dynamic hydrocyclones. 

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