Surface discharge

Discharges initiate in the gap region between the electrodes and then spread into surface discharges at the surface of the dielectric layer. The bright surface discharges are on the order of a few mm in diameter and the power ranges from these lamps can be from a few watts to several kilowatts over a... 

Bulk surface discharge In rapid heaping of highly insulated bulk material, particularly when coarse material (diameter > 1 mm) is present MIE<1I (silo diameter 3 m)... 

It is one thing to design, test, and maintain a recovery system that effectively recovers NAPL, but the handling of the coproduced groundwater is another matter. The effectiveness of a recovery system can suffer if the disposal capacity is insufficient or treatment costs are high. Additionally, a cost-effective, low operation and maintenance recovery system can quickly be turned into a high-cost system if the coproduced water fate is not coordinated with the recovery system. A key factor will be the level of treatment required, if any, prior to disposal. Three alternatives are explored surface discharge refinery reuse and reinjection. 

Produced water (brine) disposal practices may be divided into the broad categories of surface discharge, subsurface discharge, evaporation, and reuse. Approximately 30 states produce some amount of oil or gas, and brine handling practises vary considerably because of variations in climate, geology, brine quantity and quality, and regulatory framework [23]. 

Because onshore oil and gas facilities are not allowed to discharge wastes to navigable waters, surface discharge is only practiced at coastal facilities. In some states indirect surface discharge is practiced by simple dilution through an existing municipal or industrial wastewater treatment facility [23]. 

Figure 12 Illustration of a surface-discharge microplasma reactor developed for the decomposition of VOCs in the gas phase (Seto et al., 2005 reproduced with permission).

First, the application of fertilizers to the land surface has led to increased runoff of N and P from the land surface. Discharge of human wastes has augmented this flux. It appears that the total global nutrient flux today is about 2.5 times greater than the long-term geologic flux, and results in excess accumulation of organic carbon in the ocean (Meybeck, 1982 Wollast, 1983). Furthermore, because of land use activities, the flux of POC, DOC (Likens et al., 1981), and DIC (Meybeck, 1982) from land via rivers to the ocean has been enhanced. 

Among the possibilities are the effect of the weather and atmospheric pollution on the properties of the exposed surfaces of components. They will become roughened and will adsorb increasing amounts of moisture and conductive impurities. Surface discharges may occur which will result in further deterioration due to local high temperatures and the sputtering of metallic impurities from attached conductors. 

Surface discharge of wastewaters from the production of methane from coal seams in Alabama the Cedar Cove model Geological Survey of Alabama, 155, 259 p. 

The on-site utilization of evaporation lagoons for the disposal of domestic waste-water, from homes and smaller industrial or commercial facilities, may be applicable where access to a municipal sanitary sewer is not available, where subsurface methods are not feasible, and where effluent polishing for surface discharge is not practical. 

According to Wang et al. (2010a) the surface discharge process during the PEO process can be divided into three stages. As shown in Figure 5.42a, many small gas... 

Tellural sources.—Volcanoes in activity discharge enormous quantities of COa, and, in volcanic countries, the same gas is-thrown out abundantly through fissures in the earth. All waters, sweet and mineral, hold this gas in solution, and those which have become charged with it under pressure in the earth s crust, upon being relieved of the pressure when they reach the surface, discharge the excess into the air. 

---