Water relations

A second study by Szarek (Szarek and Ting, 1974a) confirmed that the stomatal response to precipitation is consistent throughout the year, and relatively independent of thermoperiod and photoperiod (Fig. 6.7). 

Also the stomata of Tillandsia recurvata sensitively and directly respond to changes in air humidity during the phase of nocturnal CO2 fixation (Lange and Medina, personal communication). 

both day and night temperatures influence stomatal resistance in succulents. In all experiments that have been reported, however, it is difficult to sort the effect of temperature from that of water status and mesophyll carbon metabolism influenced by temperature. 

Although perhaps not relevant, Kuiper (1964) studied the wave length dependence of light on day stomatal opening maintenance in the succulent plant. Sene-cio odoris. He found that wave lengths of 432 and 675 nm were most effective, leading him to conclude that photosynthesis maintained opening. 

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M. A. CaUahan and co-workers, Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority Pollutants, Vol. 1, EPA-440/4-79/029a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1980, pp. 17-1—17-11. 

Details about the various U.N. water-related activities can be found in References 26—29, as well as in topical reports pubhshed by the United Nations. 

Supercritical fluid solvents have been tested for reactive extractions of liquid and gaseous fuels from heavy oils, coal, oil shale, and biomass. In some cases the solvent participates in the reactions, as in the hydrolysis of coal and heavy oils with water. Related applications include conversion of cellulose to glucose in water, dehgnincation of wood with ammonia, and liquefaction of lignin in water. 

Water-Related GISs (Geographic Information Systems) Along the United States-Mexico Border, July 1993 832/B-93-004 NSCEP 832/B-93-004 ERIC W358 NTIS PB94-114857. 

The Select Industrial Discharge System (SIDS) assists exposure assessors and other analysts by consolidating current data contained in various EPA water-related environmental information... 

With the smallest heating boilers or low volume/low pressure steam producers, water treatment service companies tend to promote easy-to-understand programs, typically based on only one or two multiple-component, blended chemical products (multiblends or one-drum treatments), or increasingly, the novel crystalline solid concentrates (solid water treatment). These customers often have only very limited, water-related, in-house technical skills, and multiblend product programs will seem attractive because they are relatively easy to apply. However, the blending process makes it notoriously difficult to control individual component reserves in the boiler and generally adds considerably to the overall program costs. 

The water-related or water-associated infectious diseases are typically arranged in four classes from the environmental engineering point of view, although more complex categorizations have also been proposed [14]. These categories are faecal-oral water-borne diseases, water-washed diseases, water-based diseases and diseases transmitted by water-associated insect vectors. Each type has different causes and potential solutions. Too often the term water-borne disease is erroneously used to name all of them without distinction. 

Table 1 Estimated burden of water-related infectious diseases in the world and the Mediterranean region according to the WHO 2004 update [8], It includes... 

Water-related (associated) World Northern Mediterranean Eastern and Southern ... 

Nichols G, Lane C, Asgari N et al (2009) Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease in England and Wales. J Water Health 7 1-8... 

Gleick PH (2002) Dirty water estimated deaths from water-related diseases 2000-2020. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security, www.pacinst.org/ reports/ water related deaths /water related deaths report.pdf... 

D/H ratios in environmental water relate to D/H of organic matter... 

Jones, H.G. (1979). PGRs and water relations. In Aspects and Prospects of Plant Growth Regulators, ed. B. Jeffcoat, pp. 91-9. Letcombe British Plant Growth Regulator Group. 

Fig. 8. ABA accumulation in detached root tops (apical 20-30 mm) of Commelina as a function of root tip turgor. Root tips were excised from well-watered plants and dried in air at 23 °C in the dark until different percentages of fresh weight had been lost. This process took between 5 and 20 min. The samples were then maintained at the various water contents for 7 h prior to measurements of water relations and ABA content. Points are means s.e. of at least four measurements. Modified from Zhang Davies (1987).

Fig. 9. Leaf water potential and turgor, abaxial stomatal conductance, and ABA content of abaxial epidermis of leaves of Commelina plants which were grown with their root systems divided between two pots. Water was either applied daily to both halves of the root system (A) or was withheld from one half of the root system after day 1 of the experimental period (A). Points for water relations and conductance are means s.e. Modified from Zhang, Schurr Davies (1987).

Pritchard, J., Tomos, A.D. Wyn Jones, R.G. (1987). Control of wheat root elongation growth. I. Effects of ions on growth rate, wall rheology and cell water relations. Journal of Experimental Botany, 38, 948-59. 

Radin, J.W., Parker, L.L. Guinn, G. (1982). Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. V. Environmental control of abscisic acid accumulation and stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid. Plant Physiology, 70, 1066-70. 

Cutler, J.M., Rains, D.W. and Loomis, R.S. (1977). The importance of cell size in water relations of plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 40, 255-60. 

Jones, H., Tomos, A.D., Leigh, R.A. Wyn Jones, R.G. (1983). Water relation parameters of epidermal and cortical cells in the primary root of Triticum aestivum L. Planta, 158, 230-6. 

Steudle, E., Smith, J.A.C. Liittge, U. (1980). Water relations parameters of individual mesophyll cells of the crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoe diagre-montiana. Plant Physiology, 66, 1155-63. 

Tomos, A.D. (1987). Cellular water relations of plants. In Water Science Reviews, Vol. 3, ed. F. Franks, pp. 186-227. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Proctor, M.C.F. (1982). Physiological ecology water relations, light and tempera-... 

Johnson, D.A., Richards, R.A. Turner, N.C. (1983). Yield, water relations and surface reflectances of near-isogenic wheat lines differing in glaucousness. Crop Science, 23, 318-25. 

Chandler, S.F. Thorpe, T.A. (1987). Characterization of growth, water relations, and proline accumulation in sodium sulfate tolerant callus of Brassica napus L. cv. Westar (Canola). Plant Physiology, 84, 106-11. 

Determination of free space, growth, solute concentration and parameters of water-relations of suspension-cultivated tobacco cells. Plant, Cell Environment, 9, 693-701. 

Blum, A., Mayer, J. Golan, G. (19886). The effect of grain number per ear (sink size) on source activity and its water-relations in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 39, 106-114. 

McGowan, M., Blanch, P., Gregory, P.J. Haycock, D. (1984). Water relations of winter wheat. 5. The root system and osmotic adjustment in relation to crop evaporation. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 102, 415-25. 

EPA. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. I Introduction and technical background, metals and inorganics, pesticides and PCB s. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards. EPA-440/4-79-029a, 27.1-27.16. 

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