Productivity programs

Figure 3 shows the capacity utilization resulting from the production program ia a multipurpose plant. The aimual percentage of occupation is shown on the x-axis reflecting the overall busiaess condition, and the level of equipment utilization is shown on thejy-axis, reflecting the degree of sophistication of the fine chemicals to be produced. Several conclusions can be drawn ...

With the smallest heating boilers or low volume/low pressure steam producers, water treatment service companies tend to promote easy-to-understand programs, typically based on only one or two multiple-component, blended chemical products (multiblends or one-drum treatments), or increasingly, the novel crystalline solid concentrates (solid water treatment). These customers often have only very limited, water-related, in-house technical skills, and multiblend product programs will seem attractive because they are relatively easy to apply. However, the blending process makes it notoriously difficult to control individual component reserves in the boiler and generally adds considerably to the overall program costs. 

The procedure illustrated here, besides containing only trivial technical calculations, lacks important features that are required in production programs. Extensive error checking and recovery must be performed. The procedure must detect the occurrence of a self-referential system of formulas, which would result in attempting endless recursive calls. Access to multiple raw material and formula databases adds power to the program, but must be implemented by complex code to allow flexible control of that access. The structural and input/output statements to support these features may greatly exceed the number of statements that perform modelling calculations. 

The MPP of Ciba-Geigy in Basel was presented to the participants of Xth International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering (ISCRE) in 1988. The plant was commissioned in 1986 and put on stream in 1987. The production program projected the manufacture of about 2500 tons of fine chemicals per year. 

There are various uncertainties in all the data influencing the selection of a set of equipment uncertainties in recipe parameters, product specifications, processing times and size factors, equipment availability, product requirements, and resource availability. Data needed for the evaluation of processing times and equipment sizes are never 100% reliable. The market situation when the plant is started up will certainly be different from the situation at the time of the definition of a production program for the plant. Unpredictable process disturbances may also occur. 

The UNIDO project Demonstration of Cleaner Production Techniques 11 demonstrates that the concept of preventing wastes at their source as opposed to end-of-pipe treatment is as applicable and profitable in developing countries as in developed countries. The experience gained as well as the demonstrations produced will be of great value in the promotion and implementation of a Cleaner Production Program. 

Q. But, Herr Haefliger, did the commercial committee have anything to do with technical planning of production programs ... 

Develop recommendations to improve the management and staff support of safety with the same enthusiasm, attention, quality, plans, and organization as used in production programs. 

Many large pharmaceutical companies have established pharmaceutical manufacturing sites in tax havens like Ireland, Puerto Rico, and Singapore. However, the decisions regarding the production programs and the procurement of, for example, PFCs are taken at the companies headquarters. In many cases, these overseas locations are important destinations for the goods supplied under contracts concluded with the headquarters. 

We thank the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and Cook College for their support and the New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program. We also acknowledge support from the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research from Argentina (CONICET). 

Clayson, Edward T., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army, Program Director, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Production Program, JPO-BD, telephone interview, August 22, 2001. 

The discussion of manufacturing methods is divided into discrete operations and additionally separated by whether the method is a proved production technique or one which has been demonstrated but is not currently used as part of a significant production program. 

The pilot-production program is generally a result of cooperation between the development laboratories and the manufacturing department. Technology transfer documentation applies to processes as well as to the systems being qualified and validated and their testing standards and testing methods. This documentation is important, particularly where an NDA is involved. 

The above RR-amine process, based on RR-amine (VI), was used for the first approximately two-year production program supplying most of the early requirements of bulk drug for the Clinical, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutical Development... 

The National Transplutonium Element Production Program was established in the late 1950 s to concentrate the "large-scale" production of transplutonium elements at a central location. 

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