Reverse emulsions

M. L. Braden and S. J. Allenson. Reverse emulsion breaking method using amine containing polymers. Patent US 5032285, 1991. 

P. R. Hart. Method of breaking reverse emulsions in a crude oil desalting system. Patent CA 2126889,1995. 

Other claimed matter DBT for enrichment, biocatalyst preparation contacting process Enzymes contacting process Pure compounds as feedstock Membrane fragments and extracts Cell-free extract (envelope and its fragments + associated enzyme) reversible emulsion microemulsion reverse micelles Cell-free enzyme preparation microemulsified process RR and derivatives and other biocatalyst concepts + any known microorganism active for C—S bond cleavage... 

The reverse emulsion stabilized by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS, R0S03 Na+) retards the autoxidation of dodecane [24] and ethylbenzene [21,26,27]. The basis for this influence lies in the catalytic decomposition of hydroperoxides via the heterolytic mechanism. The decay of hydroperoxides under the action of SDS reverse micelles produces olefins with a yield of 24% (T=413 K, 0.02mol L 1 SDS, dodecane, [ROOH]0 = 0.08 mol L 1) [27], The thermal decay gives olefins in negligible amounts. The decay of hydroperoxides apparently occurs in the ionic layer of a micelle. Probably, it proceeds via the reaction of nucleophilic substitution in the polar layer of a micelle. 

A special procedure is reverse emulsion polymerization. In this case, a hydrophilic monomer (e.g., acrylamide) is dissolved in water and the resulting solution is emulsified using special water-in-oil emulsifiers in a water-immiscible organic liquid (petroleum ether). Then the polymerization is initiated with a... 

Song LY, Ge XW, Zhang ZC (2005) Interfacial fabrication of silica hollow particles in a reverse emulsion system. Chem Lett 34 1314-1315... 

Opaque Ti02 layer Opaque carbon layer Cyan dye releaser Red sensitive reversal emulsion... 

Although most emulsions found in the oil field are the regular or water-in-oil type, occasionally the reverse or oil-in-water type will form. At times both types may be present in the same system. Conditions necessary for the formation of a reverse emulsion include (a) large percentage of water, (b) low salt content In water, and (c) emulsifying agent present in water phase. 

If a reverse emulsion loil droplets dispersed in wale -) is formed, the coalesence is supposed Such emulsions are created by shearing the fluid through chokes or pumps, and stabilized by surface active agents. 

A water-in-oil emulsion. This term differs from the term reverse emulsion , which is used in the petroleum field. An emulsion drilling fluid (mud) of the water-in-oil (W/ O) type, that has a high water content. See also Oil-Base Mud, Oil Mud. 

A petroleum industry term used to denote an oil-in-water emulsion (most well-head emulsions are W/O). Reverse emulsion has the opposite meaning of the term invert emulsion . See also Invert Emulsion. 

Blue sensitive reversal emulsion Ultraviolet absorber... 

Emulsions formed in the petroleum industry are predominantly water-in-oil or regular emulsions, in which the oil is the continuous or external phase and the dispersed water droplets form the dispersed or internal phase. Reverse emulsions, or oil-in-water emulsions, are formed when water constitutes the continuous phase and oil constitutes the dispersed phase. It is not unusual to find both regular and reverse emulsions occurring together. More complex emulsions have also been noted when reverse emulsions exist within the internal phase of a regular emulsion. The complexity of these emulsions may allow many alternating internal-external phases, although these are very rare. 

In many commercial emulsion-breaking applications, conventional emulsion-breaking chemistries will also achieve desired oil-in-water contents and acceptable interface quality. However, these results are not always accomplished. Reverse emulsions are not usually resolved by conventional emulsion-breaking chemistries. The addition of a specific reverse-emulsion breaker, either to the crude-oil stream or to the water-handling system, may be required to produce desired water quality parameters. 

Concepts applied to regular emulsions still apply with reverse emulsions. Emulsifying agents or charges must be neutralized to permit coalescence of the oil. Adequate settling time for the oil to rise out of the water phase must be available. Skim tanks and API separators are used for this purpose. A variety of flotation units will accomplish the same goals at an accelerated rate. 

An emulsion is a system consisting of a liquid dispersed as droplets in a second immiscible liquid, often stabilized by an emulsifying agent. In the oil field, the two basic types of emulsions are water-in-oil and oil-in-water oil-in-water emulsions are often termed reverse emulsions. More than 95% of the crude-oil emulsions formed in the oil field are of the water-in-oil type. Nonetheless, oil-in-water emulsions are receiving growing interest in pollution abatement as they are readily miscible with water. 

Induced Gas Flotation. Mechanically induced gas dotation (IGF) is employed extensively to remove suspended solids, oil, and other organic matter from oil-field and refinery wastewaters. Consequently, these IGF units are particularly suited to the treatment of oil-in-water or reverse emulsions. Such units generally follow gravity oil-water separation units such as FWKOs, gun barrels, and skim tanks in oil-field-produced water-treatment schemes, and also handle the oily water streams generated from all treaters in a specific produced-fiuid treatment plant. 

However, the PAn products were not easily recovered and generally were isolated by breaking the emulsion (e.g., by adding acetone), to precipitate the ES. A major development with this method was therefore the discovery of a direct synthesis of an ES that is highly soluble in organic solvents by workers at Monsanto.117 The method uses a reverse emulsion procedure involving initial formation of emul-... 

Invert Emulsion A water-in-oil emulsion. This is different from the term Reverse Emulsion used in the petroleum field. 

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