Produced water treatment design

Zaidi, A. Constable, T. Produced Water Treatment Design Manual Wastewater Technology Centre Burlington, ON, 1994. 

In Hydrocyclones A Solution to Produced Water Treatment, Meldrum presents the basic design principle of a dc-oilmg hydrocy leone. System design, early operational experiences, and test results on a full-scale application in the North Sea are discussed. Oil-removal efficiency was seen to rise with increasing reject ratio up to around 1%, producing acceptable outlet concentrations Early field test results on a tension leg platform in the North Sea are discussed. Preliminary data on a pumped system are also given. 

There are several designs of electrode boiler for hot water and steam generation, each with specifically designed mechanisms for producing and controlling the output of HW or steam, and each with its own specific requirements for water treatment. A failure to meet these requirements quickly results in boiler shutdown and perhaps blown fuses. However, under these circumstances, neither the boiler nor the electrodes typically suffer permanent damage and the condition usually can be quickly rectified. 

Wastewater streams from the utility functions include boiler and cooling tower blowdowns and waste brine and sludge produced by demineralizing and other water treatment systems. The quantity and quality of the wastewater streams depend on the design of the systems and the water source. These streams usually contain high dissolved and suspended solids concentrations and treatment chemicals from the boiler and cooling tower. The blowdown streams also have elevated temperatures. 

Much experimental work has been carried out on ozonation in drinking, waste and process water treatment. And since there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms of ozonation, and many possibilities of utilizing its oxidizing potential many experiments will be carried out in the future. Not only researchers but also designers, manufacturers and users of ozonation systems will continue to do bench-scale testing because ozonation is so system dependent. Most full-scale applications have to be tried out bench-scale for each system considered. That means that there is a need for not only fundamental information about the mechanisms of ozonation, but also information on how to set-up experiments so that they produce results that can be interpreted and extrapolated. 

Where blending of reclaimed RO-treated water with a low-grade source water does take place, it can often produce a zero LSI mix, which is a good starting point for designing potentially suitable cooling water treatment programs. 

An integrated water-treatment system designed to use different water sources and different treatment processes, including membrane processes, has been realized in Temeuzen (The Netherlands) [15]. Raw-water sources and treatments include seawater and integrated membrane system to produce demineralized water fresh water, and ion exchange to produce demineralized water effluent industrial wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) and media filtration to produce cooling tower supply water. 

Most aquatic oxidation reactions are attributable to well-defined chemical oxidants. As a result, model systems can be designed where second-order rate constants can be determined precisely for families of organic congeners. The comparatively high quality of these data allows mechanistic models of electron transfer to describe aquatic oxidations of environmental interest. Kinetic studies of these processes have produced many QSARs, mostly simple empirical correlations with common convenient descriptors such as the Hammett constant (a), half-wave oxidation potential ( j/2)> energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital ( HOMO), or rate constants for other oxidation reactions as descriptors (Canonica and Tratnyek, 2003). Their predictive power has lead to engineering applications in water treatment and remediation. 

CANMET has a pilot-scaled emulsion-treatment plant (Figure B.l) available to industry for pilot-scaled investigation of heavy-oil-bitumen separation from oil-field-produced waters. This facility is designed to process emulsions at a throughput between 130 L/h (20 barrels per day) and 460 L/h (70 barrels per day) for raw bitumen-oil of API gravity between 8 and 15 (i.e., density between 1014 and 966 kg/m, respectively). 

The heating value of a typical biomass is sufficient to produce steam in excess of that required by the activated process if the system has been designed for maximum thermal efficiency. This can be especially important to developing countries who have large supplies of biomass such as rice hulls or coconut shells and who are currently contemplating the manufacture of activated carbon for export or local water treatment. 

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