Comparative data

Figure 1 compares data reduction using the modified UNIQUAC equation with that using the original UNIQUAC equation. The data are those of Boublikova and Lu (1969) for ethanol and n-octane. The dashed line indicates results obtained with the original equation (q = q for ethanol) and the continuous line shows results obtained with the modified equation. The original equation predicts a liquid-liquid miscibility gap, contrary to experiment. The modified UNIQUAC equation, however, represents the alcohol/n-octane system with good accuracy. 

Inhalation is the chief route of worker exposure. Comparative data from acute or subchronic inhalation exposures with rats (98) indicate that nitromethane and nitroethane are the least toxic of the nitroparaffins by this route and do not induce methemoglobin formation. The nitropropanes are less well tolerated 2-nitropropane is more toxic than 1-nitropropane and is more likely to cause methemoglobinemia. 

It is interesting to compare data for headspace volatiles of the living vs picked and both of these with respect to the direct analysis of the extracts shown ia Table 19. 

Manufacture and Processing. Isophthahc acid is synthesized commercially by the Hquid-phase oxidation of / -xylene [108-38-3]. The chemistry of the oxidation is almost identical to that of -xylene oxidation to terephthahc acid, and production facihties can be used interchangeably for these two dicarboxyhc acids. However, because isophthahc acid is more soluble than terephthahc acid in reaction solvents as can be seen by comparing data in Tables 16 and 25, crystallization equipment is more important in isophthahc acid facihties. 

In Vitro Properties. The antibacterial spectmm of most dalbaheptides is known (Table 1). Vancomycin (39) and/or teicoplanin (Table 3) are generally introduced as reference compounds. Direct comparative data for some dalbaheptides tested under the same experimental conditions are given in... 

Meccaniche Modeme (Busto Arsizo, Italy) acquired rights to the original AUied Chemical Company s concentric SO sulfonation unit (272). Table 10 shows comparative data on AUied s U.S. design, and that for Meccaniche Modem s concentric design, indicating equivalency. This unit has a substantial space between reactor walls, hence it requires a 6 m length to complete reaction. The process has been scaled up to 4.0 t/h capacity. 

All the foregoing test programs involve distillation of well-defined mixtures under total reflux conditions. The primary value of the results is in the comparative data, but it should be emphasized that the design of each device was not necessarily optimized for the test conditions. 

Turbomachines can be compared with each other by dimensional analysis. This analysis produces various types of geometrically similar parameters. Dimensional analysis is a procedure where variables representing a physical situation are reduced into groups, which are dimensionless. These dimensionless groups can then be used to compare performance of various types of machines with each other. Dimensional analysis as used in turbomachines can be employed to (1) compare data from various types of machines—it is a useful technique in the development of blade passages and blade profiles, (2) select various types of units based on maximum efficiency and pressure head required, and (3) predict a prototype s performance from tests conducted on a smaller scale model or at lower speeds. 

Without comparative data on authentic samples, H and NMR allow no differentiation between isomers 3 and 4 chemical shifts and coupling constants are consistent with either isomer. 

Figure 5.11 gives some comparative data for a selection of polymers subjected to tbe flaming condition mode. 

Some comparative data for a VLDPE copolymer based on ethylene and oct-1-ene and an EVA material (91% ethylene, 9% vinyl acetate) are given in Table 10.7. 

The reaction is about 50% faster in ethoxyethanol than in decane. Calculate the activation parameters at 150°C. Although precisely comparable data are not available, for the gas-phase isomerization of norbomadiene is 50kcal/mol. Draw a sketch... 

Various other observations of Krapcho and Bothner-By are accommodated by the radical-anion reduction mechanism. Thus, the position of the initial equilibrium [Eq. (3g)] would be expected to be determined by the reduction potential of the metal and the oxidation potential of the aromatic compound. In spite of small differences in their reduction potentials, lithium, sodium, potassium and calcium afford sufficiently high concentrations of the radical-anion so that all four metals can effect Birch reductions. The few compounds for which comparative data are available are reduced in nearly identical yields by the four metals. However, lithium ion can coordinate strongly with the radical-anion, unlike sodium and potassium ions, and consequently equilibrium (3g) for lithium is shifted considerably... 

In this section we shall restrict ourselves to abstraction of hydrogen atoms by oxy radicals since comparative data are available. Many aspects of the conclusions reached will be valid for nitrogen radicals as well. 

Hz and decreases at 33.4Hz. By comparing data of different feed point positions, it was found that the nucleation rates for the experiments with the feed point located near the impeller were higher than those for feed points outside the draft tube. 

As mentioned earlier some measures will be chosen because improvements in these areas were part of the project justification. It is most likely that these will be efficiency measures. Calculation of these measures generally requires analysis of data or specific data collection exercises. There is a relatively high cost associated with preparing these measures so they should be used prudently. In choosing efficiency measures, you should use only those where you have comparative data about the current management systems. For example, if there is no information on the number of hours dedicated to PSM and ESH, don t use this to try to demonstrate the improvement in efficiency. 

In cases where comparable data are available, the activation energy for nucleophilic substitution by anions such as methoxide ion is... 

The number of packing sizes, types (designs), and materials of construction currently available to the designer has increased considerably. To select a packing for a process application requires a weighing of information and an evaluation of the closest comparable data. 

Tables 11-9,11-10, and 11-11 give useful comparative data for most of the common refrigerants.

As a minimum, the program should be able to directly compare data from similar machines, normalize data into... 

Stainless steels are subject to fatigue failure under dry conditions as are all metallic materials, having distinct fatigue limits where level is dependent on steel type and heat treatment. The limits can be depressed by the simultaneous action of a corrodent, the degree depending upon the nature of the corrodent. Under severe conditions the limit can be displaced to very low values and it is customary to describe resistance by an endurance limit, that is the cyclic stress to give rupture at a specific number of cycles when in contact with a specific corrodent. Some comparative data are in Table 3.25. 

Although it is not possible in all cases to be specific regarding the choice of anode material, it is possible to make a choice based upon the comparative data which are at present available. Necessary factors of safety would be added to ensure suitability where lack of long-time experience or quantitative data necessitate extrapolation or even interpolation of an indefinite nature. 

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