Absorptive capacity

Soft-wheat flours are sold for general family use, as biscuit or cake flours, and for the commercial production of crackers, pretzels, cakes, cookies, and pastry. The protein in soft wheat flour mns from 7 to 10%. There are differences in appearance, texture, and absorption capacity between hard- and soft-wheat flour subjected to the same milling procedures. Hard-wheat flour falls into separate particles if shaken in the hand whereas, soft-wheat flour tends to clump and hold its shape if pressed together. Hard-wheat flour feels slightly coarse and granular when mbbed between the fingers soft-wheat flour feels soft and smooth. Hard-wheat flour absorbs more Hquid than does soft-wheat flour. Consequently, many recipes recommend a variable measure of either flour or Hquid to achieve a desired consistency. 

Activated carbon of high absorptive capacity is suitable for use as a catalyst it need not be treated with metallic salt or other substances. If starting materials of high purity are employed, excellent and economic catalyst efficiency is obtained. 

It is generally accepted that, all other things being equal, the lower the secondary creep, the better the fiber is in terms of wear, shape retention, and crease resistance. This does not mean that glass, which has no secondary creep, is better in abrasion resistance than high tenacity viscose rayon, which has secondary creep, because the respective energy absorption capacities of these two materials, exclusive of secondary creep, are not equal. Nor does it mean that fibers that exhibit secondary creep are of no value. For fabrics to meet the requirements of wear, crease resistance, and shape retention, the load and extension yield points should not be exceeded during use. 

Up to 80% of oral doses of ascorbic acid are absorbed in humans with intakes of less than 0.2 g of vitamin C. Absorption of pharmacological doses ranging from 0.2 g to 12 g results in an inverse relationship, with less than 20% absorption at the higher doses. A single oral dose of 3 g has been reported to approach the absorptive capacity (tissue saturation) of the human intestine. Higher blood levels can be attained by providing multiple divided vitamin C doses per day. 

Finally, the combined reinforcing effect and high absorption capacity of asbestos fibers have been exploited in a variety of appHcations to increase dimensional stabiHty, typically in vinyl or asphalt tiles and asphalt toad surfacing. Figure 9 summarizes, as of 1984, the various classes of application for asbestos fibers in combination with other materials. The diagram shows that in recent years, most industrial appHcations have evolved towards composite materials where the fibers are bonded within an organic or inorganic matrix. 

Because the solution is capable of absorbing one mole of carbon monoxide per mole of cuprous ion, it is desirable to maximize the copper content of the solution. The ammonia not only complexes with the cuprous ion to permit absorption but also increases the copper solubiUty and thereby permits an even greater carbon monoxide absorption capacity. The ammonia concentration is set by a balance between ammonia vapor pressure and solution acidity. Weak organic acids, eg, formic, acetic, and carbonic acid, are used because they are relatively noncorrosive and inexpensive. A typical formic acid... 

Nylon 4 has a higher water absorption capacity than other nylons due to its lower hydrophohic property. 

Silica gel and activated alumina present few practical problems. They are easily reactivated after use by heating in a ventilated oven, to 130-300°C for silica gel, and 150-700°C for activated alumina. British standard specifications have been published for desiccants for packaging which regulate the contents of soluble chloride and sulphate, dust content and absorptive capacity. 

With desiccants with absorptive capacities differing from 27%, the weight calculated from these formulae will need to be proportionately adjusted. Packs of desiccant are obtainable commercially containing quantities stated in terms of basic desiccant. 

The passage of fluids into and out of the colon is regulated by epithelial cells. In IBS, the colonic lining (epithelium) appears to work properly. However, increased movement of the contents in the colon can overwhelm its absorptive capacity. 

Figure 8.2 Rat duodenal cells divide in the crypts of Lieberktihn and differentiate while migrating to the villus tips within approximately 48 h. The crypt cells take up iron from the blood, and are thereby able to sense the body s state of iron repletion. They migrate to the villus tips where this information determines their iron absorption capacity from the intestinal lumen. Adapted from Schumann et al., 1999, by permission of Blackwell Science.

Environmental distribution After 40 years of continuous application of DDT to vegetation (80%) and soil (20%), 73% of the total mass present in the environment in December 1990 are stored in soil, 24 % in the ocean, 2 % in vegetation, and less than one percent in the atmosphere (Table 3.2).The high storage in soil is caused by its strong absorptive capacity of organochlorine compounds, which is related to its organic matter content. The only source of DDT and DDE in the ocean is deposition... 

Most pathology of cholera is thought to result from an enterotoxin that increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated secretion of chloride ion into the intestinal lumen, which results in isotonic secretion (primarily in the small intestine) exceeding the absorptive capacity of the intestinal tract (primarily the colon). 

Continuous EN is preferred for initiation, for critically ill patients, and for patients with limited absorption capacity because of rapid GI transit time or severely impaired digestion. Continuous EN has the advantage of being well tolerated. It has the disadvantages of cost and inconvenience owing to pump and administration sets. 

Elemental or peptide-based formulations have partially hydrolyzed protein or fat components. Peptide-based formulations replace some of the protein with dipeptides and tripeptides, thereby optimizing absorption in patients with impaired digestive or absorptive capacity. 

A spectrophotometer is a combination of spectrometer and photometer. A photometer is an instrument which is used for the production of light of selected colour or wavelength. The spectrometry involves the determination of the light absorptive capacity of a chemical. So spectrophotometric analysis provides a significant method of determining minute quantities of a substance. 

Grain legumes have also been processed into refined starch (10,11) and protein isolates (12,13,14) by procedures derived from the traditional corn starch and soybean protein industries (15). However, comparative data on product yields, composition and losses have not been published. A commercial plant for the wet processing of field pea into refined starch, protein isolate and refined fiber has been established in Western Canada. Little is known about the characteristics of the protein isolate or refined fiber product. Water-washed starch prepared from the air-classified starch fractions of field pea (16,17) and fababean (6) have been investigated for certain physico-chemical and pasting properties. Reichert (18) isolated the cell wall material from soaked field pea cotyledons and determined its fiber composition and water absorption capacity. In addition, the effects of drying techniques on the characteristics of pea protein Isolates have been determined (14). 

Functional property tests were conducted in duplicate. AACC (21) methods were used for the determination of water hydration capacity (Method 88-04) and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) (Method 46-23). Oil absorption capacity was measured by the procedures of Lin et al. (22) and oil emulsification by a modification (22) of the Inklaar and Fortuin (23) method. Pasting characteristics of 12.0% (w/v, db) slurries of the flours and processed products were determined on a Brabender Visco/Amylograph (Method 22-10). The slurries were heated from 30 to 95°C before cooling to 50°C to obtain the cold paste viscosity value. Gelation experiments were conducted by heating 15% (w/v db) slurries in sealed stainless steel containers to 90°C for 45 min in a water bath C3). 

Like NSI, the oil absorption capacities of the legume flours were decreased by pin milling, and the protein fractions were more functional in this parameter than were the starch fractions... 

Table III). Again, the proteinates absorbed 2-2.5 times more oil than the corresponding protein fraction, while the wet- and dry-processed starch were similar in their low absorption capacity. 

Traditional definitions of safety factors in terms of strength requirements, such as load-resistance factors or allowable stresses, are not applicable in blast resistant design. Safety factors arc more appropriately measured in terms of strain energy demand versus strain energy absorption capacity, Allowable deformations arc a practical method to quantify energy absorption capacity. 

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