High minerals

Nonmineralized SGA flows freely, and is often known as sandy alumina because it easily covers the cryoflte bath of aluminum electrolysis cells (see Aluminum compounds, introduction). Properties typical of a sandy SGA are shown in Table 1. Aluminum smelting technology in the United States is primarily based upon sandy alumina. Older European smelting technology, however, is based upon a poor flowing, low bulk density, highly mineralized SGA called floury alumina, composed principally of a-Al O. ... 

For the bromination of benzoic acid, the rate increased more rapidly than [H+] at high mineral acid concentrations and apparently depended on the acidity function ho rather than [H+]. Neutral salts such as disodium hydrogen phosphate, lithium and sodium sulphates also increased the rate due either to a positive salt... 

Organic matter Accumulation of organic matter Bacteria Primary producers Slowed down decomposition High oxygen consumption High mineralization... 

South African coals differ from most Northern Hemisphere coals in their geological age, unusual petrology and their high mineral matter content. If these coals are to be used for conversion to synthetic fuels then criteria must be found to enable predictions of their behaviour under liquefaction conditions to be determined. This paper describes the hydrogenation of a number of South African coals using two different techniques, to ascertain whether well known coal properties can be used to predict their hydrogenation behaviour. 

The results obtained from the float/sink fractions are shown in Figure 11. It could be that the increase in oil yield obtained with the higher mineral matter fractions is due to the increase in sulfur content that varies from 0.5 per cent in the 1.4 float to 9 per cent in the 1.65 sink fraction. The significance of these results, at least as far as South African coals are concerned, is that a high mineral matter content does not necessarily mean poor performance during coal liquefaction. 

Indeed, this evidence suggests that the mineral matter can be beneficial in increasing both the conversion and liquid product yields. From a processing viewpoint, high mineral matter can create other problems, and a trade off between possible catalytic benefits and engineering process difficulties is necessary. 

The composite contains 8% of mineral fraction according to thermogravimetric data. The X-ray powder pattern of the chitosan-zeolite composite is reported in figure 3 and shows the formation of zeolite A. It can be observed that, at difference with the composites with high mineral content prepared by encapsulation, the XRD pattern of chitosan is observable. 

Bone and teeth in mammals and bony fishes all rely on calcium phosphates in the form of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(P04)30H]2, usually associated with around 5% carbonate (and referred to as carbonated apatite). The bones of the endoskeleton and the dentin and enamel of teeth have a high mineral content of carbonated apatite, and represent an extraordinary variety of structures with physical and mechanical properties exquisitely adapted to their particular function in the tissue where they are produced. We begin by discussing the formation of bone and then examine the biomineralization process leading to the hardest mineralized tissue known, the enamel of mammalian teeth. 

The organic matrix of the highly-mineralized tubule walls (peritubular) differs from the bulk intertubular matrix. It consists of proteoglycans, which are not degraded upon mineralization (Takagi et al., 1990). 

Highly mineralized water discharged to streams from actively pumped workings/spoil leachates Highly mineralized waters llow from abandoned workings into overlying aquifers... 

Ash and slag from combustion. Owing to their high mineral content, combustion of oil shales results in vast quantities of ash (Table 1). Oil shale ash dumps form massive plateaux around the Estonian electric power stations near Narva (Fig. 4). The bulk of the ash waste is carried as slurry in pipes from the power stations to sedi-... 

High mineral content of cheese curd at draining promotes the development of elastic texture. Minimum mineral loss from the curd occurs after draining. Cheese varieties with eyes (Swiss, Gouda) require elastic curds to permit round eye formation. These cheeses are drained... 

CANMET (1997c) Toxicity assessment of highly mineralized waters from potential mine sites, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.2.4, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, 38 pp. 

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