Portable satellites

Satellite Trucks and Portable Satellites. Trucks equipped with electrical generators to provide the power for an attached satellite have found applications for mobile transmission of news, especially after natural disasters. Some of these portable satellites use the G-band frequency for the transmission of information via the uplink process, which requires rather large antennas, whereas other portable satellites were developed in the 1980 s to use the band for transmission of information. 

A complete range of instrumentation is available from portable units to automatic systems utilising many probes. Transmitter units are available which can be located at the probe and transmit ER data into the 4-20 mA standard instrument signal. Radio linkage from transmitter to control room or nearby offshore platform is available commercially. A satellite link has been used to monitor offshore platform ER probes at the onshore base in a Norwegian oilfield. 

Evaporites on Mars and Europa. The NASA s robotic explorers, Spirit and Opportunity, landed on at Mars and examined their landing sites for past environmental conditions. Kinds of minerals in a hot-spring environment and dried-up lake beds were photographed suggesting future use of ESR to date these evaporate with a portable ESR on the rover. Sulfate mineral precipitation, epsonite, MgS04 with 7 hydration water molecules in frozen ice, was studied by sampling the icy environment, especially icy fault on the surface of Europa, a satellite of Jupiter.61... 

When designing a mobile radiological unit one has to take into account different scenarios and tasks. Options for the design of mobile radiological units include satellite, helicopter, boat, train, truck, car, robots, portable devices. 

Secondary batteries Portable electronic devices cell phones, cordless phones, laptops, camcorders, toys. Communications satellites, military radios. Transportation electric vehicles, car ignition batteries. Defense torpedoes, missiles. 

Kureha Corporation has developed nongraphitizable carbons (so-called hard carbon) prepared from the cross-linked petroleum pitch for almost 20 years as an anode of the lithium-ion battery (LIB). However, in these years graphite is more popularly used as an anode of LIB of small portable equipment, such as cellular phones, digital cameras, and portable personal computers, because high-energy density is much more important in this type of application than long-life durability is. Hard carbon has been used only in the field of professional camcorders, satellites, and electric bikes because it seemed to be difficult to change a new battery at the end of its life. 

Since they were first commercialized in 1991, lithium ion (Li ion) cells now have become the system of choice for high-end portable consumer applications (e.g., laptop and tablet computers, personal multimedia players, and cell phones). They are also seeing increased use in power tools, electric vehicles, and space satellites. Likewise, Li ion cells play an important role in some implantable medical devices. 

Li-ion batteries have been used in a number of portable electronic devices. Due to their high energy densities, these batteries have been considered as possible power sources in electric vehicles, artificial satellites and load leveling. However, before Li-ion batteries can be used in large-scale applications, their performance still needs to be improved with regard to battery cycle life, rate capability and safety. Among them, the safety issues should be alleviated to make these batteries serve as reliable power sources. 

In today s world, embedded systems can be seen everywhere around us. These systems range from consumer electronics such as mobile phones, cameras and portable music players to sophisticated devices such as planes and satellite systems. In either form embedded systems are designed to perform specific tasks with constraints on their qualities and available resources. These constraints can either be soft or hard depending on the nature of the system a satellite system, for example, has hard safety constraints. Some of the major constraints for embedded systems are high reliability, performance, safety and dependability, small memory size, low power and low processing capabilities. Designing systems with such constraints is a challenge. 

An ozone monitor is an example of a continuous emission sampler based on absorption spectroscopy. A drop in beam intensity is proportional to ozone concentration in the chamber. Absorption spectrometers exist for sulfur and nitrogen oxides. This type of technology is portable and relatively inexpensive to run and can be used under field conditions, for example monitoring in-use emissions of motor vehicles. Absorption spectroscopy is also used in satellite remote sensing and has been adapted to remote sensing devices deployed on the ground to measure vehicular emissions. 

The impact of satellites on world communications since commercial operations began in the mid-1960s is such that we now take for granted many services that were not available a few decades ago worldwide TV, reliable communications with ships and aircraft, wide-area data networks, communications to remote areas, direct TV broadcast to homes, position determination, and Earth observation (weather and mapping). New and proposed satellite services include global personal communications to hand-held portable telephones and broadband voice, video, and data to and from small user terminals at customer premises around the world. 

VSAT (very small aperture terminal) A satellite Ku-band earth station intended for fixed or portable use. The antenna diameter of a VSAT is on the order of 1.5 m or less. 

The current trend towards decentralised power generation has generated interest in small scale, or micro-combined heat and power plant - micro-CHP. While these units can have power outputs of a few kW, the other micro concept relates to the gas turbine alone. While the typical micro-CHP unit is not intensified in our recognition of the term, the micro-turbines proposed with outputs of a few tens of Watts enter the arena currently inhabited by micro-fuel cells. Thus, uses in portable electronic equipment, micro-aerial vehicles, nano-satellites and other similar-sized devices are put forward as reasons for the development of such small turbines. 

The advent of easy access to the satellite-based global positioning system (GPS) and availability of off-the-shelf portable probes and rapid analyzers for a number of water quality determinants have enabled the development of systems that can be carried on small survey vessels to map water quality conditions. Rapid data acquisition is now practical using probes and sondes for measuring temperature, conductivity, turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen fluorometric technologies for chlorophyll biomass and phytoplankton composition flow injection and loop flow analysis for some nutrient species and acoustic Doppler-based devices for current profiling. 

The NRC incident response organization acquired several portable telephone units which use satellite relay of the transmissions. These units are sent to plants which are threatened or have just experienced a natural event such as a hurricane or tornado. The portable telephones can be used to assist in the transmission of emergency information to off-site authorities by the nuclear plant. 

In practice, the suitability of a reaction system is determined by the kinetics of the reaction, which depends on temperature, pressure of gases, electrode polarization, surface area of electrodes, and presence of a catalyst. A fuel cell that is thermodynamically and kinetically feasible must be considered from an econonuc viewpoint before it is accepted. Thus, since hydrogen, hydrazine, and methanol are too expensive for general application, their use in fuel cells has been limited to special cases. Hydrogen has been used for fuel cells in satellites and space vehicles, in which reliability and lightness are more important than cost. Hydrazine fuel cells have been used in portable-radio power supplies for the United States Army because of their truly silent operation. Methanol fuel cells have been used to power navigation buoys and remote alpine television repeater stations because such power systems are comparatively free from maintenance problems over periods of a year or more. The polarization at the electrodes of a fuel cell is the most important single factor that limits the usefulness of the cell. The various polarization characteristics for a typical fuel cell are plotted separately as a function of current density in Fig. 9.11. 

The CIPS method is based on the connection of a thin, strong cable to the tested pipeline and making readings of the potential every 10-20 cm along the route of the pipeline against a portable reference electrode. The cable with a scale wound on a drum is used at the same time to measure the distance with an accuracy of 1%. Also, satellite localization can be used, giving the po-... 

---