Embedded system

Yovine, S. (1998) Model checking timed automata, in Embedded Systems, vol. 1494 of LNCS, Springer, Berlin, pp. 114-152. 

Newman GR, Jasani B, Williams ED. A simple post-embedding system for rapid demonstration of tissue antigens under the electron microscope. Histochem J1983 15 543-555. 

T aratnaa, Jorma. Practical development of software configuration management for embedded systems. 1998. 147 p. + app. 110 p. 

It will be useful to establish some general nomenclature before proceeding. We have already defined the terms slider and substrate within the context of the model in Figure 8. To properly impose shear and load, it will prove convenient to subdivide the system even further. Specifically, only the outermost layer of the slider will be coupled to an external driving device. We will refer to this layer as the top layer (tl). Similarly, the substrate will be constrained by fixing the center of mass of the bottom layer of atoms in the substrate. This layer will be called the bottom layer (bl). All other atoms will be referred to as the embedded system, regardless of whether they are in the slider, substrate, or fluid. 

The first monolithic devices have been presented at the same time by a group at NIST and a group at the Physical Electronics Laboratory (PEL) of ETH Zurich [77-81]. The NIST chip hosts an array of microhotplates integrated with transistor switches and a readout amplifier for the sensitive layer. The device presented by PEL includes an analog temperature controller and a logarithmic converter for reading out the sensor values. This was the first monolithic realization of an embedded system architecture with integrated microhotplate. 

Embedded systems. Smaller microprocessor-based systems, such as a PLC or PC, with the sole purpose of controlling and/or monitoring particular manufacturing equipment. They are usually developed and delivered by the equipment supplier as an integral component of the process equipment or package plant, (e.g., filling machine, packaging machine). 

For an embedded system the final assembly of the control system and associated electrical and mechanical components into the manufacturing equipment will... 

DESIGN FOR SAFETY AND SECURITY OF COMPLEX EMBEDDED SYSTEMS A UNIFIED APPROACH... 

Standards (e.g., IEC 61508), methods of risk and hazard analysis, and certification methods have evolved long before IT. Security has evolved quite recently with networked IT-systems and concerns about privacy, data integrity, authenticity and protection. Both communities have developed their own standards, methods and system views—and neither in standardization nor in application areas they cooperate well. The paper takes a holistic view of critical systems and proposes a unified approach to system dependability, integrating both safety and security, arguing that in case of massively deployed embedded systems security issues have severe safety impact and vice versa. 

Embedded Software constitutes a very specific and critical part of embedded systems. It provides new capabilities to HW transducers ( defines physical behaviour of a complex non-linear device ), because of its potential criticality we need HW/SW co-design, and issues like dependability, low power, timeliness are becoming software issues with all the consequences. We need dependable system architectures to cope with the potential risks, including safety as well as security requirements and counter measures. Be aware, that security aspects are often neglected by safety engineers ... 

The AMSD Roadmap for Dependable Embedded Systems (1) has taken into account several application areas, where mass deployment of embedded systems will become critical ... 

Since automotive industry is the driver for safety-critical, advanced application of embedded systems with extremely high impact on the public and economy (mass deployment, cost driven), this sector is chosen as an example. 

It has been demonstrated, that mass deployment of networked, dependable embedded systems with critical control functions require a new, holistic system view on safety critical and security critical systems. Both communities have to interact, communicate and integrate at the end. A unified approach to address the safety AND security requirements of safety related systems is proposed, based on the functional safety standard IEC 61508 and IT-Security management standards, handbooks and guidelines. 

Keywords Mobile ad-hoc networks Distributed sensor networks Secure routing Vulnerability Embedded systems Low-power design... 

The transition from desktop computing to embedded systems is associated with price, power and timing constrains. A special class embedded systems, termed distributed sensor networks (DSN), are characterized by extra requirements small size and sufficient battery lifetime. Distributed sensor networks can be alternatively labeled mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). While the term DSN is associated with data acquisition applications, MANET emphasizes mobility and the lack of infrastructure. Distributed sensor networks can be scalable to thousands of nodes that cooperatively perform complex tasks. The interaction between the nodes is based on wireless communication [Kah 00, War 01, Hil 02], Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is yet another synonym. 

The memory power consumption emerges as a key challenge in the embedded systems design. There are two approaches that improve the power budget. Using the results of computation as soon as possible reduces the memory requirements [Ben 00]. Another approach is to apply data compression. Compressed memory content declines the storage requirements. Breaking down the memory content into code and data, it will be easier to apply compression techniques for the code component [Lek 00], Since no modification of the code is required, it is possible to keep compression and decompression asymmetric. There is no need the compression to be done real time. However, if the compression and decompression are extended to data, both transformations must be processed real time. 

Bro 03] Brock, Bishop and Karthick Rajamani, Dynamic power management for embedded systems, Proceedings of the IEEE International SOC Conference, pp. 416—419, September 2003. 

Kar 99] Karakehayov, Zdravko, Knud Smed Christensen and Ole Winther, Embedded Systems Design with 8051 Microcontrollers, Dekker, 1999. 

Luo 01] Luo, Jiong and Niraj K. Jha, Battery-aware static scheduling for distributed realtime embedded systems, Proceedings 38th Design Automation Conference, ACM Press, pp. 444-449, 2001. 

Pop 01] Pop, Paul, Petra Eles, Traian Pop, and Zebo Peng, An approach to incremental design of distributed embedded systems, Proceedings 38th Design Automation Conference, pp. 450-455, 2001. 

Embedded System GAMP Forum (1996) A system, usually microprocessor or PLC based, whose sole purpose is to control a particular piece of automated equipment. This is contrasted with a stand-alone computer system. 

Xiang, Y. LaVan, D., Parallel microfluidic synthesis of conductive biopolymers, Proc. 2nd IEEE/ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications 2006, 1-5... 

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