High-energy density

S. Iyer and co-workers, "New High Energy Density Materials for Propellant AppHcations," in 5th International Gun Propellant and Propulsion Symposium, ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, N.J., Nov. 1991, pp. 18—21. 

Lasers act as sources and sometimes as amplifiers of coherent k—uv radiation. Excitation in lasers is provided by external particle or photon pump sources. The high energy densities requked to create inverted populations often involve plasma formation. Certain plasmas, eg, cadmium, are produced by small electric discharges, which act as laser sources and amplifiers (77). Efforts that were dkected to the improvement of the energy conversion efficiencies at longer wavelengths and the demonstration of an x-ray laser in plasma media were successful (78). 

High energy density batteries with long shelf life, developed originally for military use, are based on lithium and thionyl chloride. These batteries are used ia backup or standby power sources for computer, missile, and telephone systems (191,192). 

Li-SOQj 4 Li + 2 SOCI2 4 LiCl + SO + S 3.6 1.0 530 high voltage, high energy density Electrochem Industries Eagle Picher Power Conversion... 

Performance. Alkaline manganese-dioxide batteries have relatively high energy density, as can be seen from Table 2. This results in part from the use of highly pure materials, formed into electrodes of near optimum density. Moreover, the cells are able to function well with a rather small amount of electrolyte. The result is a cell having relatively high capacity at a fairly reasonable cost. 

Lithium—Thionyl Chloride Cells. Lidiium—thionyi chloride cells have very high energy density. One of the main reasons is the nature of the ceU reaction. 

Siatered nickel electrodes used in nickel iron ceUs are usually thicker than those used in Ni/Cd ceUs. These result in high energy density ceUs, because very high discharge rates are usually not required. 

H. Ogawa, M. Ikoma, H. Kawano, and I. Matsumoto, "Metal Hydride Electrode for High Energy Density Sealed Nickel—Metal Hydride Battery," Proceedings of the 16th International Power Sources Conference, UK, 1988. 

Fermi," Course XLVll, Physics of High Energy Density, edited by P. Caldirola and H. Knoepfel (Academic, New York, 1971), pp. 51-80. 

R03 E.B. Royce, Proceedings of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi," Course XLVII, Physics of High Energy Density, edited by P. Caldirola and H. Knoepfel (Academic, New York, 1971), pp. 126-138. 71T01 R.F. Trunin, G.V. Simakov, and M.A. Podurets, Acad. Sci. USSR, Bulletin, Phys. Solid Earth, No. 2, 102-106 (1971). 

Because of lithium s low density and high standard potential difference (good oxidation reduction characteristics), cells using lithium at the anode have a very high energy density relative to lead, nickel and even zinc. Its high cost limits use to the more sophisticated and expensive electronic equipment. 

The button cells that provide the energy for watches, electronic calculators, hearing aids, and pacemakers are commonly alkaline systems of the silver oxide-zinc or mercuric oxide-zinc variety. These alkaline systems provide a vei y high energy density, approximately four times greater than that of the alkaline zinc-manganese dioxide battery. 

Another emerging area m biofuels is pyrolysis, which is the decomposition of biomass into other more usable fuels using a high-temperature anaerobic process. Pyrolysis converts biomass into charcoal and a liquid called biocrude. This liquid has a high energy density and is cheaper to transport and store than the unconverted biomass. Biocrude can be burned in boilers or used in a gas turbine. Biocrude also can be chemical by altered into other fuels or chemicals. Use of pyrolysis may make bioenergy more feasible in regions not near biomass sources. Biocrude is about two to four times more expensive than petroleum crude. 

Energy storage for hybrid propulsion Composite rotor in vacuum Electrical connection to application high energy density (lightweight rotor)... 

For many years, sintered-nickel electrodes have been used as the positive electrodes for sealed-type nickel-cadmium batteries. With an increase in the demand for high energy density, this type of elec-... 

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