Sulfate mineral

Many of the minerals that form the Earth s crust contain oxoanions. Examples of carbonates are CaC03 (limestone) and MgCa (003)3 (dolomite). Barite (BaS04) is a sulfate mineral. An important phosphate is Caj (P04)3 F (apatite). Two silicates are zircon (ZrSi04) and olivine (a mixture of MgSi04 and FeSi04). 

Kuroko deposits are characterized by large amounts of sulfate minerals (barite, anhydrite, and gypsum). Estimated total amount of barite and sekko (gypsum + anhydrite) from individual deposit is shown in Table 1.4. Sr contents of gypsum, anhydrite and barite... 

Kouda, R. (1977) Time and spatial relations among sulfide-sulfate mineralizations of the Fukazawa Kuroko deposits. Unpub. Masters Thesis, U. Tokyo. 

Dominant sulfides and sulfate minerals in the Osorezan area are pyrite, marcasite, orpiment, realgar, stibnite, krennerite, coloradoite, jordanite, wurtzite, sphalerite, cinnabar, and barite (Aoki, 1992b). H2S concentration of the Osorezan hot spring is very high, compared with the other Japanese geothermal waters (Table 2.4). 

Fig. 30.2. Saturation states (Q/K) of supersaturated sulfate minerals over the courses of simulations in which seawater mixes at reservoir temperature with formation fluids from three North Sea oil fields. Reaction paths are the same as shown in Figure 30.1, except that minerals are not allowed to precipitate.

In the three simulations, the sulfate minerals form at mixing ratios related to their solubilities. Barite, the least soluble, forms early, when small amounts of seawater are added. The more soluble celestite forms only after the addition of somewhat larger quantities of seawater. Anhydrite, the most soluble of the minerals, forms from the Amethyst fluid at still higher ratios of seawater to formation fluid. 

Alpers, C.N., Jambor, J.L., Nordstrom, D.K. 2000. Sulfate Minerals Crystallography, Geochemistry, and Environmental Significance. Mineralogical Society of America, Geochemical Society Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 40,... 

Schwarcz HP, Melbye J, Katzenberg MA, Knyf M (1985) Stable isotopes in human skeletons of southern Ontario reconstruction of palaeodiet, J Archaeol Sci 12 187-206 Seal RR (2006) Sulfur isotope geochemistry of sulfide minerals. Rev Miner Geochem 61 633-677 Seal RR, Alpers CN, Rye RO (2000) Stable isotope systematics of sulfate minerals. Rev Miner 40 541-602... 

The two principal strontium minerals are its carbonate, strontianite, SrCOs, and the more abundant sulfate mineral celestite, SrS04. 

Biomineralization, 36 137-139 calcium carbonate, 36 163-167 in algae, 36 166-167 gravity sensors, 36 164-166 carbonate/sulfate mineralization mechanisms, 36 171-175... 

Hemingway, B. S., Seal, R. R. Ming Chou, I. 2002. Thermodynamic Data for Modeling Acid Mine Drainage Problems Compilation and Estimation of data for Selected Soluble Iron-Sulfate Minerals. United States Geological Survey Open File Report 02-161. 

Si02, 13 SO4, 10 Cl, 3 NO3, 1 F-, 0.120 dissolved mineral salts, 310. The pH is 7.2. Show that these data are consistent with the origin of the Ca and Mg contents as carbonate and sulfate minerals. Do the total ionic contents tally If not, suggest reasons. 

Evaporites on Mars and Europa. The NASA s robotic explorers, Spirit and Opportunity, landed on at Mars and examined their landing sites for past environmental conditions. Kinds of minerals in a hot-spring environment and dried-up lake beds were photographed suggesting future use of ESR to date these evaporate with a portable ESR on the rover. Sulfate mineral precipitation, epsonite, MgS04 with 7 hydration water molecules in frozen ice, was studied by sampling the icy environment, especially icy fault on the surface of Europa, a satellite of Jupiter.61... 

Sulfates are not common and often are not present at all in coals that are fresh and unweathered. Pyrite is very susceptible to oxidation and decomposes to various phases of iron sulfate minerals at room temperature. The following iron sulfate mineral phases are associated with Illinois coals that have been subjected to oxidizing conditions (4) ... 

Sulfides and sulfate minerals make up 25% of the mineral matter content of Illinois coals (1). 

Arsenate commonly substitutes for sulfate and phosphate in a variety of minerals and other solid compounds. Jarosite is an example of a sulfate mineral that may acquire considerable arsenate through substitutions into its crystalline structure. Jarosites often precipitate in acid mine drainage and they could be important in controlling the mobility of arsenate in these waters (Chapter 3). 

---