Polyester resins diluents

The second largest use at 21% is for unsaturated polyester resins, which are the products of polycondensation reactions between molar equivalents of certain dicarboxyhc acids or thek anhydrides and glycols. One component, usually the diacid or anhydride, must be unsaturated. A vinyl monomer, usually styrene, is a diluent which later serves to fully cross-link the unsaturated portion of the polycondensate when a catalyst, usually a peroxide, is added. The diacids or anhydrides are usually phthahc anhydride, isophthahc acid, and maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride provides the unsaturated bonds. The exact composition is adjusted to obtain the requked performance. Resins based on phthahc anhydride are used in boat hulls, tubs and spas, constmction, and synthetic marble surfaces. In most cases, the resins contain mineral or glass fibers that provide the requked stmctural strength. The market for the resins tends to be cychcal because products made from them sell far better in good economic times (see Polyesters,unsaturated). 

Besides resin and reactive diluent, additives are commonly incorporated into polyester resins. These include not only curing agents and fillers (see Section 25.2.3) but also ultraviolet stabilisers. The latter are particularly important for outdoor applications such as roof lighting, benzotriazoles being particularly effective. 

Osaka Organic Chemical will embark on volume production of a low-toxicity acrylic ester monomer with extremely low skin irritation, it is briefly reported. Principal applications are as a diluent monomer for UV and EB coating materials and inks, and as a modifier in unsaturated polyester resins, acrylic resins and PVC. OSAKA ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES CO.LTD. 

Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) has two main components, i.e. a polyester and a reactive diluent. 

Incorporation of modified clays into thermosetting resins, and particularly in epoxy35 or unsaturated polyester resins, in order to improve thermal stability or flame retardancy, has been reported.36 A thermogravimetric study of polyester-clay nanocomposites has shown that addition of nanoclays lowers the decomposition temperature and thermal stability of a standard resin up to 600°C. But, above this temperature, the trend is reversed in a region where a charring residue is formed. Char formation seems not as important as compared with other polymer-clay nanocomposite structures. Nazare et al.37 have studied the combination of APP and ammonium-modified MMT (Cloisite 10A, 15A, 25A, and 30B). The diluent used for polyester resin was methyl methacrylate (MMA). The... 

Plasticizer solution containing 20% methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, stabilized with dimethyl phthalate and and a proprietary safety diluent, used principally in the curing of promoted unsaturated polyester resins where an extended catalyst is desired for improved concentration control. 

Conventional grinding methods are used to incorporate pigments into solvent-borne and waterborne polyester resins as well as into radiation-curable polyester paints containing reactive diluents. Pigmented powders are produced by coextrusion of polyester granulate with pigments, followed by grinding. 

Radiation Curing. The cross-linking of acrylate-modified polyester resins with U V radiation or an electron beam is an energy-saving alternative to the heat-curing systems. Reactive diluents (e.g., polyfunctional acrylates) are required to adjust the viscosity for application although they increase reactivity, they reduce the flexibility and substrate adhesion of the paint film. 

Frequent skin contact with paints and coating materials can cause skin disorders, particularly on the hands, in painters and coaters. The lipid-solubilizing properties of the organic solvents may cause or at least promote contact eczema. In particular, paints based on reactive resins (e.g., epoxy and polyester resins) may cause allergic skin disorders. Skin-sensitizing substances include residual monomers and reactive diluents (e.g., acrylates and epoxides) and paint additives (e.g., acid anhydrides. 

Unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins are styrene-based matrices cured by free radical copolymerization of the reactive diluent (solvent) styrene and the unsaturated groups in the dissolved polymeric ester. In the case of the polyester resins the unsaturated groups are within the molecular backbone of the polyester (Structure (V)). 

NFPA Health 0, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Uses Plasticizer, solvent, film-former in nitrocellulose lacquers, elastomers, explosives, nail polishes, solid rocket propellants, adhesives, sealants solvent for resins, perfume oils perfume fixing agent textile lubricant insect repellent nonreactive epoxy resin diluent safely glass printing inks paper coatings oral pharmaceuticals in food-pkg. adhesives in paper/paperboaid in contact with aqTfatly foods adjuvant in slimicides in food-contact paper/paperboaid in cellophane for food pkg. solvent for adjuvants in fo -contact crosslinked polyesters plasticizer in food-contact mbber articles for repeated use Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105,175.300,176.170,176.300,177.1200, 177.2420,177.2600 FDA approved for orals SARA reportable BP, EP compliance... 

Uses Solvent in hydraulic brake fluids, cutting oils, textile lubricants, printing inks aromatics extraction solvent comonomer in unsat. polyester and alkyd resins reinforced plastics plasticizers in paints cosmetics in food-pkg. adhesives fragrance fixative/diluent petroleum anti-icing additive PU chain extender surfactant for unsat. polyester resins, paints in paper/paperboard in contact with aqTfatty foods defoamer in food-contact coatings in surf, lubricants for mfg. of food-contact metallic articles... 

Uses Polymerization monomer, esp. for polyesters comonomer for PVC and high-temp. ABS reactive diluent for unsat. polyester resins intermediate, plasticizer in prod, of paints in food-contact crosslinked polyesters pharmaceutical pkg. 

Uses Comonomer for polystyrene, alkyd, and epoxy ester resins monomer for prod, of paints solvent intermediate reactive diluent for unsat. polyester resins modifier for oils/alkyds in food-contact coatings Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.300... 

SR 313 SR 423 1,1,1-Tiimethylopropane diluent, reactive unsat. polyester resins... 

Uses Modifier for elastomers, adhesives, fibers reactive diluent for epoxies reactive intermediate for coatings sizing/finishing agent for fiberglass silane intermediate in elec, coatings stabilizer of chlorinated compds., vinyl resins, rubber defoamer comonomer for polyepichlorohydrin rubber, unsat. polyester resins, and crosslinked PU elastomers curing system additive in bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin epoxies for food-contact articles... 

Precaution Combustible mod. fire risk explosive limits in air 1.9-6.1% subject to polymerization by heat or catalysts can react vigorously with oxidizers Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Polymerization monomer, esp. for polyesters comonomer for PVC and high-temp. ABS reactive diluent for unsat. polyester resins intermediate, plasticizer in prod, of paints in food-contact crosslinked polyesters pharmaceutical pkg. 

Pyrophyllite Styrene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene diluent, paper coatings Polyester acrylate resin diluent, paper upgrading Polyester acrylate resin diluent, personal care sprays C10-11 isoparaffin C11-12 isoparaffin diluent, pesticides Deodorized kerosene diluent, pharmaceutical capsules Sucrose... 

Radiation curable epoxy functionahsed hyperbranched polyester resin has been synthesised from a hydroxy functional hyperbranched polyether polyol and an epoxy functional fatty acid, vernolic acid. The resin was cationically polymerised in the presence of differing amounts of vernolic acid methyl ester as a reactive diluent. Similarly, Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based hyperbranched polyesters are prepared using anhydride-based... 

The main problem of styrene is high emission, which restricts applications in closed compartments (e.g., naval application). Styrene emission is a health hazard (threshold value of 50 ppm). The need to rednce the volatile organic compound (VOC) is not only expressed in government regulations, but also equally and persuasively by various environmental concerns. The evaporation of styrene can be reduced by the addition of waxes or pyrogenic silicic acid with hydrophilic and hydrophobic end groups. However, such additives may affect the interfacial properties of composites made out of polyester resins. Some styrene-less UPE resin formulations using diacrylate monomers have been reported [71]. However, mostly styrene is used as a reactive diluent in UPE resins. 

Monomers are added to polyester formulation to copolymerize with the resin. Most vinyl monomers are strong solvents, so that acrylates and styrene are generally used. Because the monomer added as a resin diluent becomes a component part of the final polymerized mass, its properties will influence those of the final polymers. 

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