Mesua ferrea

Among these plants, G. pentaphylla, D. gangeticum, E alsinoides are used by wild herbivores like the sambar and chital. Elephants were seen to feed on the roots of Calamus spp and bark of Streblus asper. The Nilgiri langur was seen to feed on the leaves of S. asper, while lion tailed macaques fed on the leaves of Mesua ferrea. 

The fatty acid methyl/ethyl esters of vegetable oils such as jatropha, Mesua ferrea, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed, sunflower, safflower, peanut and linseed can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines (biodiesel) Methyl and ethyl esters of vegetable oils have several outstanding advantages among other new renewable and clean engine fuel alternatives. The... 

Examples of the oils used in the non-oxidising type of polyesters are coconut, castor oil, hydrogenated castor oil and Mesua ferrea L. seed oil, all mainly non-drying oils with a low degree of unsaturation, hence polymerisation does not occur in the presence of air under ambient conditions. These polyesters are used with amino resins such as urea and melamine-formaldehyde (ME) resin for stoving finishes. They are also used as plasticisers in other industrial lacquers. 

A short oil polyester resin based on Mesua ferrea L. seed oil was modified by partially butylated melamine-formaldehyde resin (70 30 weight ratio) using an industrial ball mill system to enhance its performance characteristics as a binder for stoving paint. ° The results indicate the suitability of the system, which is comparable to the industrial castor oil based resin system. Phthalic and maleic anhydride-based polyester of the same oil has also been modified by bisphenol-A-based epoxy or melamine-formaldehyde resin at different ratios. The resultant blends showed better performance in respect of the drying time, hardness, flexibility, gloss, pressure test, thermal stability and chemical resistance than the unmodifled polyester. ... 

Non-drying short oil polyester in combination with melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin can also be used as a binder for stoving paint, as it can be cured at a high temperature and possesses a dark colour. A short oil polyester resin based on Mesua ferrea L. seed oil (consisting of monoglyceride of the oil, phthalic and maleic anhydrides) has been successfully used in the preparation of industrial stoving paint in combination with partially n-butylated MF resin. ° The performance characteristics of this paint are comparable with those of industrially used castor oil-based paint with the same formulation and processing conditions. As this oil is much cheaper than industrially used castor oil, the final cost of the test paint is lower than that of the standard paint. 

N. Dutta, N. Karak and S. K. Dolui, Stoving paint from Mesua ferrea L. seed oil based short oil polyester and MF resins blend. Prog Org Coat, 2007,58,40-5. 

MFSO = Mesua ferrea L. seed oil LO = linseed oil, DCO = dehydrated castor oil, NSO = Niger seed oil, ASO = Annona squamosa oil, PGO = Pongamia glabra oil, DEA = diethanolamine, PA = phthalic anhydride, MA= maleic anhydride, AA = adipic acid, lA = isophthalic acid, CV = MEKP, co-octate and styrene-based curing system, TEA = triethylamine, HMMM = hexamethoxymethylmelamine, VA = vinyl acetate and SMA = poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), HBPA = hyperbranched polyamine. 

Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based polyurethane (PU) resins, poly(urethane ester) (PUE) and poly(urethane amide) (PUA) with varying NCO/OH ratios have been prepared using the one shot process in the presence of DBTDL as a catalyst. Monoglyceride of the oil is used for poly(urethane... 

Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based poly(urethane ester) and poly(urethane amide) resins with an NCO/OH ratio of 0.5 are modified by commercially available bisphenol-A based epoxy resin and partially butylated ME resin... 

S. Dutta and N. Karak, Effect of the NCO/OH ratio on the properties of Mesua Ferrea L. seed oil-modified polyurethane resins , Polym Int, 2006,55,49-56. 

S. Dutta and N. Karak, Mesua Ferrea L seed oil based polyurethane and melamine-formaldehyde blends , Euas Chem Technol J, 2005, 7, 251-60. 

The preparation of epoxy resins from a large number of vegetable oils such as sunflower, cotton-seed, linseed, vernonia, soybean, castor and Mesua ferrea has been reported. " However, most of these epoxy resins exhibit poor mechanical properties which limit their applications. Vegetable oil-based epoxy resins rather than epoxidised vegetable oils are also used as reactive diluents. These are low viscosity materials used in conjunction with industrial epoxy resins to reduce viscosity and to increase the molecular mass of the latter. As a reactive diluent can also act as a solvent for the resin system, it enables the production of high-solid and low VOC (volatile organic compound) coatings. 

The synthesis, characterisation and properties evaluation of four different epoxy resins of monoglyceride of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil with or without BPA, with a combination of BPA and BPS, and with a combination of BPA and TBPA and epoxidised oil have been reported. The synthesised epoxidised oil and the epoxy resins were characterised by measurements of physical properties like epoxy value, hydroxyl value, viscosity and specific gravity and other characterisation techniques such as FTIR, FI NMR, XRD and SEM analyses, and confirmed the formation vegetable oil-based glycedyl ether-type epoxies. The performance characteristics, such as... 

Mesua ferrea L. seed oil monoglyceride, bisphenol-A, bisphenol-S or tetrabromobisphenol-A-based epoxy resins may be modified by the polyester and polyurethane of the same oil at different weight ratios. Various... 

MMFSO = Modified Mesua ferrea L. seed oil, BPA = bisphenol-A, TBBPA tetrabromobisphenol-A, BPS = bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulphone, EC = epichlorohydrin. 

G. Das and N. Karak, Thermostable and flame retardant Mesua ferrea L. seed oil based non-halogenated epoxy resin/clay nanocomposites . Prog Org Coat, 2010,69,495-503. 

A few hyperbranched poly(ester amide)s have been prepared using a similar A2 + BBV approach, in which phthalic anhydride or maleic anhydride as an A2 monomer and diethanol amine as a BB 2 monomer were used. The polycondensation polymerisation technique is used to prepare the polymers. These poly(ester amide)s are modified by long alkyl chain (fatty acids) end groups. The dielectric properties of the modified polymers were investigated over a range of frequencies and temperatures. No relaxation peak was noticed in the dielectric spectrum at different temperatures. Castor oil and Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based hyperbranched poly(ester amide)s are prepared using diethanol fatty amide of the oils with different types of anhydrides and dibasic acids with or without diethanolamine. 

Some hyperbranched polyurethanes with different compositions based on Mesua ferrea L. seed oil, sunflower oil, and so on, have been prepared by using monoglyceride and glycerol or monoglyceride with hyperbranched polyol. Hyperbranched polyurethanes have been prepared from soybean oil-modified hyperbranched polyol obtained via epoxidation and hydrofor-mylation. Castor oil-based hyperbranched polyurethanes have been synthesised using castor oil as the B3 monomer in an A2 -1- B3 approach. The A2 monomer, -NCO terminated pre-polymer was obtained by reacting MDI with PCL. The urethane reaction was carried out at ca. 110°C in the... 

Radiation curable epoxy functionahsed hyperbranched polyester resin has been synthesised from a hydroxy functional hyperbranched polyether polyol and an epoxy functional fatty acid, vernolic acid. The resin was cationically polymerised in the presence of differing amounts of vernolic acid methyl ester as a reactive diluent. Similarly, Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based hyperbranched polyesters are prepared using anhydride-based... 

It has been found that Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based thermoplastic hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU) of the monoglyceride of the oil, PCL (M = 3000 g moT ), 2,4/2,6-toluene diisocyanate and glycerol with 30% hard segment (NCO/OH = 0.96), exhibit thermoresponsive shape memory properties. The shape recovery (88,91 and 95%) and shape retention (70, 75 and 80%) are also found to be different at different temperatures (50, 60 and 70°C respectively). Bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin modified... 

U. Konwar and N. Karak, Mesua ferrea L. seed oil-based highly branched polyester resins , Polym Plastics Technol Eng, 2009, 48, 970-5. 

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