Resin formulation

Tetrachlorphthalic Anhydride and Tetrachlorphthalic Acid. Tetrachlorphthalic anhydride [117-08-8] (TCPA) is manufactured by the ferric chloride catalyzed chlorination of phthalic anhydride. The relatively low chlorine content and the lower flame retardant efficiency of the aromatic chlorides limit use to unsaturated polyester resin formulations that do not requite a high degree of flame retardancy. 

One of the first attempts to produce polyurethane was from the reaction of an intermediate polyol of 1,3- and l,4-bis(hydroxyhexa uoroisopropyl)benzene m- and -12F-diols) by reaction with epichlorohydrin. This polyol was subsequentiy allowed to react with a commercial triisocyanate, resulting in a tough, cross-linked polyurethane (129,135,139). ASTM and military specification tests on these polyurethanes for weather resistance, corrosion prevention, bUster resistance, and ease of cleaning showed them to compare quite favorably with standard resin formulations. 

Table 1. Ingredients of Polyester Resin Formulations in Descending Order of Commercial Significance...

Synthetic Applications. Oxazolines, which ate synthesized as indicated above, have been utilized in many different appHcations (25). When used in resin formulations, AMP, AEPD, and TRIS AMINO can incorporate the oxazoline stmeture into the polymer stmeture (26). Because they ate polyols, both AEPD and TRIS AMINO can be used in polyester resin modification. Oxazoline alkyd films ate characterized by improved performance, particularly salt-spray resistance and gloss (see Alkyd resins Coatings, special purpose, high performance). 

The maleimide is prebuilt into the molecule in a separate step. Maleimidobenzoic acid [17075-07-7] or its acid haUde was used to synthesize maleintide-terrninated polyamides (16,17) or polyesters (27) from amino- or hydroxy-terminated polyamides and polyesters, respectively. The Hterature on bismaleimide prepolymers and bismaleimide building blocks is quite extensive (28), but only a limited number of BMI building blocks have been used for commercial resin formulations. 

The Epoyj Resin Formulators Training Manual, The Society of Plastics Industry, Inc., New York, 1984. 

Group of plastics composed of resins formulated by addition polymerization of monomers containing allyl groups (e.g., diallyl phthalate). 

In this process, resin is injected into a closed mold containing the reinforcement preform. The resin can be injected either under pressure [22] or under vacuum [23]. The potential advantages of this process are (I) low mold cost, (2) inserts can be incorporated, (3) low pressure requirements, (4) accurate fiber orientation, (5) automation possibilities, and (6) versatility. The resin formulation and process variables are selected so that no significant polymerization occurs until the mold cavity has been completely filled. This is achieved by the ad-... 

There is now an active trade federation, the Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators (FERFA) to which many of the specialist formulators and industrial-flooring contractors belong. If specifiers/users carefully list all the... 

Barnbrook, G., The concrete slab-a base for resin flooring, paper presented at the Symposium on Resin for Industrial Problem Areas. Flooring and Anti-Corrosion Application, organized by the Federation of Resin Formulators and Applicators Ltd, London, November (1980). 

There are over 400 different commercial alkyd resin formulations based on phthalic anhydride used in the coatings business. Alkyd resins for paints are made by reacting phthalic anhydride with a poly-alcohol (usually from naturally occurring sources rather than synthetic) that contains unreacted double bonds. The paint dries by the resin crosslinking through reaction of the double bonds under the influence of oxygen in the air. 

Using experimental design such as Surface Response Method optimises the product formulation. This method is more satisfactory and effective than other methods such as classical one-at-a-time or mathematical methods because it can study many variables simultaneously with a low number of observations, saving time and costs [6]. Hence in this research, statistical experimental design or mixture design is used in this work in order to optimise the MUF resin formulation. 

The MUF resin formulation is built up from combination of certain amount of formalin, melamine and urea (in initial and post refluxing stages) and also sorbitol. Variation on the formulation gives different resin properties. The optimum resin properties give the optimum MUF resin formulation. From the properties analysis data, the optimum formulation is determined by using Mixture Experimental Design D-optimal criterion. The selective criteria... 

A more soluble derivative of compound 11.17, the tetrasulphonated analogue 11.18, has been recommended for application to cotton in combination with a resin finish. Unlike DAST-type FBAs under these conditions, compound 11.18 is compatible with resin formulations containing zinc nitrate as latent acid catalyst. The brightness achieved is not high, however. 

In the characterization of alkyd resin formulations the palmitic acid to stearic acid (P/S) ratio, often used to identify the type of oil in a binder, cannot be applied as many different oils other than the traditional ones are commonly employed in industrial formulations. Moreover, they are often in mixtures, with the additional complication that fatty acids are also sometime added to the vegetable oils, thus making it impossible to rely on measured P/S values. In any case it is important to always derivatize the samples if Py-GC/MS is used and an alkyd is suspected. Phthalic anhydride will be detected also in an underivatized alkyd pyrogram however, isophthalic acid will not, leading to confusion and the possibility of uncorrected identification [92]. 

Earlier studies at the ITRI have demonstrated the effectiveness of tin(IV) oxide, both in its anhydrous and hydrous forms, as a flame- and smoke-retardant additive for laboratory-prepared polyester resin formulations (J5j. In a recent study, carried out in collaboration with a major U.K. company, a number of inorganic tin additives have been incorporated into a commercial brominated polyester resin. Although this resin, which contains 28% by weight bromine, is intrinsically flame-retardant, giving samples with an 01 of ca. 41 and which meet the UL94-VO classification, formulations with improved flame and smoke properties are sought. 

The advantage of using a paste dispersion of a flame-retardant additive in this polyester resin formulation is evident from the... 

Bisphenol A resins, 10 5-6 Bisphenol A terminated hardeners, 10 406 Bisphenol F epoxy resin, 10 368-369 Bis(phenolic) developers, 19 346-347 Bisphenol resins, formulation of,... 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA), 16 227 Alfrey-Price parameters, 7 617t azeotropic mixtures with, 16 236t block copolymer synthesis, 7 647t C-2 routes to, 16 252-254 C-3 routes to, 16 246—252 C-4 routes to, 16 254—257 carbon monoxide in production of, 5 6 chain-transfer constants for, 16 284t comonomer with acrylonitrile, 1 451t cumene as feedstock, 8 156 in flame-retardant resin formulation,... 

Polyester polyols, 25 464 468 Polyester resin(s), 11 302 coating resins, 7 104-106 cyclopentadiene and dicyclopentadiene applications, 8 230 flammability of, 20 115-116 properties in powder coating, 7 43t standard test methods for, 20 11 It unreinforced, 10 187t weathering of, 20 116 Polyester resin-based powder coatings, organic titanium compounds in, 25 125 Polyester resin composites, 26 762-763 Polyester resin formulations ingredients of, 20 96t unsaturated, 15 511-512 Polyesters, 10 185-189, 497 12 655-656. See also Thermoplastic polyesters Unsaturated polyesters acid resistance of, 20 7-8 antioxidant applications, 3 121 aromatic ionic, 23 722 based on 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 12 674-675... 

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