Isoparaffinic diluents

Some of the modifiers in this study (1-5) were also evaluated in the isoparaffinic diluent Isopar L for cesium extraction performance from a Savannah River waste simulant. The effect the modifiers have on the cesium distribution ratio in aliphatic diluents is more pronounced than it is in polar diluents, such as 1,2-DCE, previously used. The cesium distribution results are shown in Table 4.17 alongside those obtained from 1 M NaN03 in 1,2-DCE. 

Renard, E.V., Pyatibratov, Y.P., Neumoev, N.V., Vhizhov, A.A., Kulikov, I.A., GoTdfarb, Y.Y., Sirotkina, I.G., Semenova, T.I. 1988. Isoparaffinic diluents for tri-n-butyl phosphate. Chemical, radiation-chemical stability, effect on tetravalent plutonium and thorium extraction. Soviet Radiochem. 30(6) 734-745. (Translated from Zhurnal Struktumoi khimii 30(6) 774-787.)... 

The CSSX process utilizes a novel solvent made up of four components calix[4]arene-bis-(4-fer/-octylbenzo-crown-6) known as BOBCalixC6 as extractant a lipophilic fluorinated alcohol, l-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)-3-(4-. ec-butylphenoxy)-2-propanol known as Cs-7SB, as diluent modifier tri- -octylamine as a suppressor of impurity effects and the isoparaffinic diluent Isopar L, a mixture of branched hydrocarbons with an average chain-length of 12 carbons. Figure 3 shows the composition of the solvent as currently optimized for the SWPF application at the SRS [37,49], The chemistry of the solvent is well understood, with regards to both its fundamental properties and its performance under process conditions. All of the components are commercially available, and efficient synthetic and purification procedures have been worked out [17,18,37], Thus, these key components may be obtained from multiple chemical suppliers capable of specialty synthesis. 

An isoparaffinic diluent, Isopar L, available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company, was chosen for the CSSX solvent. Isopar L is a blend of Ci0 to Cn branched alkanes with a distillation range of 185-211 °C, a viscosity of 1.6 centipoise at 25 °C, a specific gravity of 0.765-0.772 g/mL at 60 °F (15.6 °C), and a thermal closed-cup flash point of at least 60 °C (data courtesy of ExxonMobil Chemical Company). Aliphatic diluents are... 

Sure Sol -300 diluent, polymers Condea Vista LPA-142 diluent, polyolefins C Isoparaffin diluent, polystyrenes Styrene diluent, PU Rhodasurf TMP-3 diluent, PU coatings Sovermol 1058... 

Pyrophyllite Styrene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene diluent, paper coatings Polyester acrylate resin diluent, paper upgrading Polyester acrylate resin diluent, personal care sprays C10-11 isoparaffin C11-12 isoparaffin diluent, pesticides Deodorized kerosene diluent, pharmaceutical capsules Sucrose... 

Diisodecyl glutarate Diphenyl sulfone diluent, polyolefins C isoparaffin diluent, polystyrenes Styrene... 

The enhanced diffusivity of polynuclear compounds in sc C02 has been utilized to enhance catalyst lifetimes in both 1-butene/isoparaffin alkylations (Clark and Subramaniam, 1998 Gao et al., 1996). The former may be catalyzed using a number of solid acid catalysts (zeolites, sulfated zeolites, etc.), and the use of sc C02 as a solvent/diluent permits the alkylations to be carried out at relatively mild temperatures, leading to the increased production of valuable trimethylpentanes (which are used as high-octane gasoline blending components). The enhancement of product selectivity in the latter process is believed to result from rapid diffusion of ethylbenzene product away from the Y-type zeolite catalysts, thus preventing product isomerization to xylenes. 

In general aliphatics are preferred to aromatics as they are more likely to meet most of the listed requirements. To date the most commonly used diluents for ELM systems include kerosene, isoparaffin, cyclohexane, toluene, Shellsol T, heptane, decane, dodecane, nitrobenzene, SIOON, and Escaid 110. The pros and cons of specific diluents will be discussed in Section 25.4.2.1. 

The tendency for the Th-TBP complex to form a third phase at high concentrations when kerosene-type diluents are used is well known ( 7). To counteract this phenomenon, the diluents used were either pure diethyl benzene (DEB) or a commercial isoparaffinic kerosene to which sufficient DEB was added as modifier. 

SkeUand [83] was the first to utilize non-Newtonian liquids in the design ofELM. In this and related studies, the non-Newtonian LMs were prepared from Soltrol 220 (an isoparaffinic oil. Chevron Philips Chemical, Spring, TX, USA) as the diluent, polystyrene [81], polyisobutylene [74], and polybutadiene [80] as polymers, SPAN 80 as the surfactant and different aqueous solutions were used as stripping phases depending on the nature of the solute removed from the treated wastewaters [74]. SkeUand and Meng [80] studied the removal of benzoic acid, phenol and ammonia from simulated wastewater. 

Indirect evidence in support of carbene intermediacy was obtained through isotope labelling studies of the interaction of MeOH with propane diluent over HZSM-5 [11]. MTG hydrocarbons are rich in isoparaffins along with the aromatics. For example, the ratio of iso- to normal butane (i/n) is typically greater than 2. In... 

C7-10 isoparaffin Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil Epoxy resin 2-Ethyl-1-butanol . Gasoline Naphtha, hydrotreated light Naphtha, light alkylate Naphthenic oil Sodium chloride Sucrose distearate Tricaprin Water diluent agent, peroxide Dimethyl phthalate diluent monomer, adhesives Bis (4-vinyl oxy butyl) adipate Bis (4-vinyl oxy butyl) isophthalate Tris (4-vinyl oxy butyl) trimellitate... 

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