Finishing agents

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

Electrical Behavior. The resistivity of acetate varies significantly with humidity with typical values ranging from 10 ohm-cm at 45% rh to 10 ohm-cm at 95% rh (16). Because of the high resistivity both acetate and triacetate yams readily develop static charges and an antistatic finish is usually apphed to aid in fiber processing. Both yams have also been used for electrical insulation after lubricants and other finishing agents are removed. 

Consumer articles often use colorants (qv), reodorants, or finishing agents. Carbon black (qv) provides the best technological properties for industrial appHcations, so most mbber articles are black. Red iron oxide or other inorganic pigments are used to color mineral-filled articles. Organic... 

Natural Ethoxylated Fats, Oils, and Waxes. Castor oil (qv) is a triglyceride high in ticinoleic esters. Ethoxylation in the presence of an alkaline catalyst to a polyoxyethylene content of 60—70 wt % yields water-soluble surfactants (Table 20). Because alkaline catalysts also effect transestenfication, ethoxylated castor oil surfactants are complex mixtures with components resulting from transesterrfication and subsequent ethoxylation at the available hydroxyl groups. The ethoxylates are pale amber Hquids of specific gravity just above 1.0 at room temperature. They are hydrophilic emulsifiers, dispersants, lubricants, and solubilizers used as textile additives and finishing agents, as well as in paper (qv) and leather (qv) manufacture. 

The ease with which acrylic monomers may polymerise with each other and with other monomers has led to a host of compositions, frequently of undisclosed nature, being offered for use as moulding materials, casting resins, coating resins, finishing agents and in other applications. 

During the next 15 years the urea resins were also developed for use as adhesives, as textile finishing agents and in the production of surface coatings and wet-strength paper. Since World War II the development of chipboard has resulted in a large new outlet for urea-based resins which have also found other uses, such as in firelighters and foams. 

Casein is used for a number of miscellaneous purposes in which foimolisation is not required. These include adhesives, stabilisers for rubber latex, paper finishing agents and miscellaneous uses in the textile industry. Mention may also be made of casein fibres, available in Italy between the two world wars under the name of Lanital. 

Surface active agents, finishing agents, sulfonated oils, and assistants... 

Lee [242] studied the dependence of the physico-mechanical properties of Wollastonite-filled polychloroprene rubber on the type of agent used to pre-treat the filler. The composition contained 26.9 part (weight) of the filler per 100 parts (weight) of the rubber (compositions CR-1100, CR-174, CR-151). The finishing agents were y-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (CR-1100 and CR-174) and vinyl triethoxysilane (CR-151). The mechanical properties of the compositions are listed in Table 7 below. The author proposed an empirical equation to relate the modulus with the equilibrium work of adhesion in the following form ... 

Adhesion is usually controlled by means of various finishing agents. Mikhalsky noted in [260] that reactions between such agents and thermoplastics are hindered for a number of reasons, one reason being that the chemical structure of the polymer is formed before the treated filler is added. In the majority of cases thermoplastics do not contain reactive groups, if perhaps only at the ends of macromolecules where they enjoy little mobility. The probability of contact between the reactive groups of the agent and the plastic. 

Yet, some authors reported an increase, instead of reduction of viscosity after finishing treatment of filler [266, 267]. Plueddeman in [268] noted that increase or decrease of melt viscosity with finishing agents depends on what is the resultant reaction of the filler, agent and matrix - neutral, acid or basic. The viscosity may be optimized by using the right formulation. For example, agents with basic... 

We have already noted in an earlier section that treatment of filler with a finishing agent also increases its abrasive attack on the parts of the processing equipment [271], At the same time it has been shown indirectly in [297,298] and directly by microscopic inspection in [294] that a synthesized polymer film remains on the polymerization-modified filler after the processing treatment, that is, there is always a medium which protects the molding equipment from the abrasive attack of the filler. In view of these observations, the polymeric composites with PMF are comparable, in terms of abrasive activity, with unfilled polymers [226, 227],... 

Most of the title products are finishing agents rather than dyeing or printing auxiliaries. Although in principle they could be applied before, during or after coloration (with the... 

These copolymers have been mentioned already in section 10.10.4 as versatile and highly effective stain-resist, oil- and water-repellent finishing agents. 

Potato starch used as a finishing agent on proofed cloths. 

Used industrially for the manufacture of phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachlor-ide, phosphites, organophosphorus pesticides, surfactants, gasoline additives, plasticizers, dyestuffs used as a chlorinating agent and catalyst. Used to prepare rubber surfaces for electrodeposition of metal. Used as an ingredient of textile finishing agents. 

Used industrially as a textile finishing agent, antioxidant, paint solvent, additive for adhesives, additive for extreme pressure lubricant chemical intermediate for organic phosphorus compounds. 

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS), 21 327-328 advantage of, 21 329 Surface Evolver software, 12 11 Surface excess, 24 135, 136 Surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), 19 179 24 72 Surface filtration, 11 322-323 Surface finish(es). See also Electroplating in electrochemical machining, 9 591 fatigue performance and, 13 486-487 Surface finishing agents, 12 33 Surface force apparatus, 1 517 Surface force-pore flow (SFPF) model,... 

Kneading or milling the crude indanthrone in the presence of finishing agents, such as polyols, or milling it with salt also affords a product which provides useful pigment properties. 

Uses. Anticorrosive agent chemical intermediate for the production of emulsifiers, detergents, solubilizers, cosmetics, drugs, and textile finishing agents... 

---