Pneumonia pneumoniae infections

The investigations of Jensen and Schmith (45) indicate that in vitro activity of 2-sulfanilamido and 4-methyl-2-sulfanilamido selenazoles against pneumonia infections is comparable to that of sulfathiazole or sulfadiazine. Frisk (47) found that the activity of the selenium compounds was much lower than that of sulfathiazole. 

Herd immunity refers to high levels of immunization in one population resulting in protection of another unvaccinated population. For example, concentrated vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine resulted in decreased invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infection not only in the vaccinated children, but also in elderly persons within the same community. 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine contains 23 serotypes that are responsible for causing more than 80% of invasive S. pneumoniae infections in adults. The vaccine includes those serotypes that are associated with drug resistance. Use of the vaccine will not prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae, but is likely to prevent infection from drug-resistant strains. The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has demonstrated good immunogenicity in adults, but an individual will not develop immunity to all 23 serotypes following vaccination.10... 

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for use in all adults 65 years of age or older and adults less than 65 years who have medical comorbidities that increase the risk for serious complications from S. pneumoniae infection, such as chronic pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, functional or anatomic asplenia, and immunosuppressive disorders. Alaskan natives and certain Native American populations are also at increased risk. Children over the age of 2 years may be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine if they are at increased risk for invasive S. pneumoniae infections, such as children with sickle cell anemia or those receiving cochlear implants. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Brucellosis, chlamydial pneumonias, infective endocarditis, legionnaires disease, mycoplasma infections, pneumonia, Cox-iella burnetii infection, Francisella tularensis infection, Q fever, tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, and all atypical pneumonia. 

O Brien, D.P. et al., Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor is important for survival from Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, Infect. Immun., 67, 595, 1999. 

Hammerschmidt, S., Bethe, G., Remane, P. H. and Chhatwal, G. S. (1999). Identification of pneumococcal surface protein A as a lactoferrin-binding protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect. Immun., 67, 1683-1687. 

Kalayoglu, M.V., Byrne, G.I., 1998b, Induction of macrophage foam ceU formation by Chlamydia pneumoniae,/. Infect. Dis. 177 725-729. 

These drugs are used for gastrointestinal diseases (cohtis, enterocolitis, severe and chronic dysentery, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, infections of the urinary tract, and others caused by P. aeruginosa), when other antibiotics are ineffective. They are effectively nsed in the form of ointments for treating a few forms of eczema, boils, hidradenitis, and other skin diseases. 

Although erythromycin is a well-established antibiotic, there are relatively few primary indications for its use. These indications include the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, eradication of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from pharyngeal carriers, the early preparox-ysmal stage of pertussis, chlamydial infections, and more recently, the treatment of Legionnaires disease, Campylobacter enteritis, and chlamydial conjunctivitis, and the prevention of secondary pneumonia in neonates. 

Tetracyclines, as broad-spectrum antibiotics, are the drugs of choice in treating Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Most tetracyclines are absorbed to various degrees (30 to 100%) from the gastrointestinal tract, primarily from the stomach and upper small intestine. The absorption of tetracyclines is hindered by milk and milk products, by numerous antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium carbonate, and by iron preparations such as ferrous sulfate. Therefore, these and similar substances should not be administered orally together with tetracycline (Figure 3.4). 

Jarvis, V.R., Munn, V.P., Highsmith, A.K., Culver, D.H., Hughes, J.M. The epidemiology of nosocomial infection caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Control 6 (1985) 68-74. 

Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in mice after intravenous treatment (Meisel and Schlimme, 1996). The mechanism by which milk protein derived peptides exert their immunomodulatory effects is not yet defined. However, opioid peptides may affect the immunoreactivity of lymphocytes via the opiate receptor. There is a remarkable relationship between the immune system and opioid peptides, because opioid p, receptors for endorphins are present on T lymphocytes and human phagocytic leukocytes (Meisel, 1998). 

Henry, M.C., R.Ehrlich, and W.H.Blair. 1969. Effect of nitrogen dioxide on resistance of squirrel monkeys to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Arch. Environ. Health 18(4) 580—587. 

Nayak, A. R., Tinge, S. A., Tart, R. C., McDaniel, L. S., and Briles, D. E., 3rd, and Curtiss, R. (1998), A live recombinant avirulent oral Salmonella vaccine expressing pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infect. Immun., 66,3744—3751. 

Before the introduction of the H. influenzae type B vaccine in 1985, nearly aU chUdren under 6 years of age with preseptal cellulitis were foimd to have H. influenzae type B or a A pneumoniae infection. This condition was of great concern due to the mortality from secondary meningitis. Becanse H. influenza is no longer of primary concern in chUdren, the most common causative bacteria are the group A streptococci. An important component in the history of young chUdren with ceUulitis shonld be to confirm or exclude H. influenzae type B vaccination. 

Siiram S, Stratton CW, Yao S, Tharp A, Duig L, Bannan ID, Mitchell WM (1999) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 46 6—14. 

M. pneumoniae infection was specifically inhibited by adding M. pneumoniae reagent (Kusunoki et al., 2001). One study has reported the AMAN form of GBS in association with anti-GMl antibodies and preceding M. pneumoniae infections (Susuki et al., 2004). These investigators report that anti-GMl antibodies bind to lipids extracted fromM pneumoniae, suggesting that GMl-like structures are also expressed by this microbe. 

Ang CW, Tio-Gillen AP, Groen J, Herbrink P, Jacobs BC, van Kon-ingsveld R, Osterhaus ADME, van der Meche FGA, Van Doom PA (2002) Cross-reactive anti-galactocerebroside antibodies and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Guillain-BaiTe syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 130 179—183. 

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae may cause both toxic liver damage and pneumococcal hepatitis with focal necroses, leading to the corresponding laboratory findings. In lobar pneumonia, jaundice (= biliary pneumonia) frequently occurs in the so-called grey hepatization stage. In addition to predominantly bacterial haemolytic jaundice, increased transaminases (20%) and cholestasis (10%) are found. The condition always regresses completely. A liver abscess induced by pneumococci is a rare event. (3-5, 9)... 

Griillich, C., Baumert, T.F., Blum, H.E. Acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection presenting as cholestatic hepatitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003 41 514-515... 

Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist J, Allen A, Trehan S, Nielson C, Hall S, Brady J, Egger M, Horne B, Lim T. Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection The Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study. Circulation 1999 99(12) 1540-7. 

Miller SA, Bia FJ, Coleman DL, et al Pulmonary Macrophage Function During Experimental Cytomegalovirus Interstitial Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 1985 47(1) 211-6. 

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