Jaundice haemolytic

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae may cause both toxic liver damage and pneumococcal hepatitis with focal necroses, leading to the corresponding laboratory findings. In lobar pneumonia, jaundice (= biliary pneumonia) frequently occurs in the so-called grey hepatization stage. In addition to predominantly bacterial haemolytic jaundice, increased transaminases (20%) and cholestasis (10%) are found. The condition always regresses completely. A liver abscess induced by pneumococci is a rare event. (3-5, 9)... 

Diagnosis Hepatomegaly and an occasional systolic vascular murmur above the tumour are clinically detectable. Patients suffer from anorexia, vomiting, weight loss and lethargy. Laboratory investigation often reveals thrombopenia, haemolytic jaundice and anaemia. Dis-... 

It has long been known that copper toxicity leads to haemolytic jaundice in sheep [88]. The pathogenesis has been... 

The jaundice could be due to liver damage. Hepatocytes contain AST, ALT and LD red cells also contain AST and LD but do not contain significant amounts of ALT. These data suggest increased red cell destruction rather than liver cell damage and the patient was diagnosed with haemolytic anaemia. 

Adverse reactions include visual disturbances (transient, at the beginning of therapy), nausea and epigastric bloating (rare) and diarrhoea. Hypersensitivity including allergic skin reactions, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, haemolytic anaemia, vasculitis, cholestatic jaundice and hepatitis. 

It is used exclusively for urinary tract infections. The side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, leukopenia, haemolytic anaemia, jaundice, dizziness and headache. On chronic use can lead to peripheral neuritis and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. 

Adverse effects include skin rash, drug fever, nausea, vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, hepatitis and jaundice, haemolytic anaemia, diarrhoea, drowsiness, ataxia, headache, flu like syndrome and stomatitis. 

Q3 Signs of jaundice jaundice gives a yellowish colour to the skin and mucous membranes, usually easiest to see in the cornea. The yellow colour is due to the presence of breakdown products of haemoglobin such as bilirubin in tissues, which the liver usually removes from the blood. Jaundice is indicative of liver disease, obstruction of the bile ducts or haemolytic disease. Bilirubin stains not only the tissues but also all body fluids, including plasma and urine, and the patient s urine can become really dark. 

Bilirubin. Jaundice is the clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinaemia. A raised level of uncongugated bilirubin occurs when there is excessive breakdown of red blood cells, for example in haemolytic anaemia, or where the ability of the liver to conjugate bilirubin is compromised, for example in cirrhosis. A raised blood level of congugated bilirubin occurs in various liver and bile duct conditions. It is particularly high if the flow of bile is blocked, for example by a gallstone in the common bile duct or by a tumour in the pancreas. It can also be raised with hepatitis, liver injury or long-term alcohol abuse. 

Copper Anaemia Menkes (kinky hair) syndrome Cardiac abnormalities/heart disease Wilson s disease Hepatic injury and jaundice Headache, vomiting Haemolytic shock... 

The classification of jaundice introduced by XW. McNee (1923) still holds true today. It distinguishes between (i.) haemolytic, (2.) parenchymal, and (i.) obstructive, (s. p. 6) Equally important is the classification of jaundice put forward by H. Ducci (1947), which comprises various forms (i.) prehepatic, (2.) intra-hepatic, and (3.) posthepatic. 

Apart from the multicausal facets involved in the haemolytic syndrome or the disorders leading to haemolysis (e.g. erythrocyte defects, toxins, noxae, antibody-mediated or mechanical factors), other causes of prehepatic jaundice are worthy of mention ... 

Other severe effects may be allergic in nature. They include cholestatic jaundice, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis, haemolytic anaemia, erythema multiforme or the Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis and erythem anodosum. Rashes are usually allergic reactions and may progress to more serious disorders. 

Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia may be either idiopathic or secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphomas, systemic lupus erythematosus, or other autoimmune disorders or infections. Warm autoantibodies are responsible for 48-70% of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia cases and may occur at any age due to the secondary causes, however, the incidence increases starting around 40 years of age. There is an approximate 2 1 female predilection, possibly due to the association with other autoimmune diseases. Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia presents as a haemolytic anaemia of varying severity. The symptoms are those of anaemia (i.e. weakness, dizziness, fatigue, pallor, oedema, and dyspnoea on exertion) and haemolysis (i.e. jaundice, dark urine, and splenomegaly). The laboratory evaluation shows a reduced... 

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency This is an X-linked disorder associated with neonatal jaundice on the 2nd or 3rd day of life and drug-induced haemolytic crises (p. 149)... 

The main favism symptom is acute haemolytic anaemia, accompanied by high fever, jaundice and sweUing of the hver and spleen, as toxic pyrimidines oxidise the reduced form of glutathione in erythrocytes. Favism is manifested especially in individuals with low (usually hereditary) activity of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes that reduces the oxidised form... 

Biliuria.—Bile constituents may appear in the urine in obstructive jaundice (overflow biliuria), toxic jaundice, and various haemolytic disorders leading to the decomposition of haemoglobin. 

If bile pigment be present, the white turpentine emulsion gradually turns green. Eventually a layer of turpentine separates out on top this is clolourless in simple obstructive jaundice, but is greenish in the toxic and haemolytic forms of biliuria. 

Patients who have had a haemolytic crisis will have raised plasma bilirubin levels because the processes within the liver that are responsible for disposing of bilirubin (formed by the breakdown of haemoglobin) have a limited capacity, and when they reach their limit bilirubin levels rise in the blood. It is bilirubin that causes jaundice - the yellow colouring of skin and sclera. A finding of jaundice is characteristic of haemolysis, in which a sudden breakdown of erythrocytes overloads the haemoglobin degradation and disposal mechanism (17b). 

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