Bacterial infections pneumonia

The natural and semi ynthetic penicillins are used in tire treatment of bacterial infections due to susceptible microorganisms. Fbnicillins may be used to treat infections such as urinary tract infections, septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infection, gonorrhea, syphilis, pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. Examples of infectious microorganisms (bacteria) that may respond to penicillin therapy include gonococci, staphylococci,... 

Although viral infections are important causes of both otitis media and sinusitis, they are generally self-limiting. Bacterial infections m complicate viral illnesses, and are also primary causes of ear and sinus infections. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the commonest bacterial pathogens. Amoxycillin is widely prescribed for these infections since it is microbiologically active, penetrates the middle ear, and sinuses, is well tolerated and has proved effective. 

Routine antibiotic use is not warranted because the primary infectious agents associated with asthma exacerbations are viruses.2,3 Antibiotics should be reserved for situations when bacterial infection is strongly suspected (e.g., fever and purulent sputum, pneumonia, and suspected sinusitis). 

The answer is d. (Hardman, p 989.) Both trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine are effective in pneumonia caused by E carinii. This protozoal disease usually occurs in immunodeficient patients, such as those with AIDS. Nifurtimox is effective in trypanosomiasis and metronidazole in amebiasis and leishmaniasis, as well as in anaerobic bacterial infections. Penicillins are not considered drugs of choice for this particular disease state. 

Although used as a simulant, it can cause acute bacterial meningitis, pneumonia, intraabdominal infections, enteric infections, urinary tract infections, septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, suppurative thyroiditis, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and skin and soft tissue infections. There are also strains of E. coli (C17-A015) that produce lethal cytotoxins (C16-A052). ... 

The manifestations of inflammation with deep-seated infections such as meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, and urinary tract infection must be ascertained by examining tissues or fluids. For example, the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) in spinal fluid, lung secretions (sputum), and urine is highly suggestive of bacterial infection. 

It is used for bacterial infections caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the drug. These may be abdominal and gynecological infections, sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts, bones, joints, skin, and soft tissnes. It is widely nsed for pneumonia as well as bacterial meningitis in children, and for post-operational infections complications. Synonyms of this drug are ceftin, zinacef, curoxim, kefox, and many others. 

Cefepime is used for bacterial infections caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to drugs in septicemia, bacteriemia, complicated infections of the upper and lower sections of the urinary system, pneumonia, pulmonary abscesses, emphysema of the pleura, fever in patients with neutropenia, and infected skin and soft tissue wounds. Synonyms of this drug are maxipime, cepim, cepimex, and others. 

Clarithromycin is better absorbed and irritates the gastrointestinal tract less than erythromycin. It is presumed that its activity exceeds that of erythromycin by 2-4 times with respect to a number of streptococci and staphylococci, and to a few other microorganisms. It is used for treating bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and sexual infections. It is believed that clarithromycin is the most active macrolide for treating atypical mycobacteria. Synonyms of this drug are biaxin and others. 

It is used for pyelonephritis, cystitis, pneumonia, pleural empyema, peritonitis, sepsis, meningitis, purulent skin and soft tissue infections, infected wounds, bums, and so on, which are caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the dmg. Gentamicin is the dmg of choice for severe bacterial infections caused by undetermined stimuli. Synonyms of this drug are garamycin, gentacylin, ribomycin, and many others. 

Severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g. pneumonia, empyema, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection, meningitis,... 

The clinical manifestations of PIDs vary with the aspect of the immune system affected. In general, because of the role of antibodies in protection against bacterial infections, individuals with deficiencies in humoral immunity are particularly prone to infections from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. These individuals are also prone to infections of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts because of the protective role of IgA in secretions. 

Sulfonamides are infrequently used as single agents. Many strains of formerly susceptible species, including meningococci, pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, and gonococci, are now resistant. The fixed-drug combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P carinii) pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, nocardiosis, and occasionally other bacterial infections. 

Other synergistic antimicrobial combinations have been shown to be more effective than monotherapy with individual components. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole has been successfully used for the treatment of bacterial infections and Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) pneumonia. 3-Lactamase inhibitors restore the activity of intrinsically active but hydrolyzable 3-lactams against organisms such as S aureus and Bacteroides fragilis. Three major mechanisms of antimicrobial synergism have been established ... 

Health consequences of chronic heroin abuse include scarred and collapsed veins, bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves, boils, a variety of soft-tissue infections, kidney problems, and liver disease. Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other lung diseases are also common among long-term users, which can be attributed to either poor nutrition and depressed respiratory function or both. Many of the additives heroin is cut with do not dissolve in the body and can block blood vessels, translating into higher risk of sudden death from stroke or heart attack. 

Nephrotic patients (especially children) are prone to bacterial infections. Before antibiotics and corticosteroids were introduced into the therapy, pneumonia, peritonitis, and sepsis (usually caused by pneumococci) were the most frequent cause of death of nephrotic children with minimal change disease. Infections are more frequent in nephrotic children and after the age of 20 their prevalence markedly decreases because the majority of adults have antibodies against the capsular antigens of pneumococci. Infections remain an important complication of nephrotic syndrome in developing countries. In developed countries, nephrotic patients treated by immunosuppressive agents may frequently suffer from viral infections (mainly herpesvirus infections, e.g., cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections). 

Andrographis paniculata (Acanthaceae) has been used medically inmainland China for more than 30 years and has been effective in the treatment of disorders related to bacterial infection (e.g., pneumonia... 

Infection Systemic lupus erythematosus Appendicitis Bacterial meningitis Bacterial sepsis or infections Pneumonia... 

Increased in bacterial infections such as pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, bacterial meningitis, tonsillitis, gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, streptococcal infection, mononucleosis, lymphadenitis, conjunctivitis, and whooping cough. 

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