Chlamydia infections pneumonia

Chlamydia infection can be transmitted at birth to the neonate and cause conjunctivitis and a subacute, afebrile pneumonia with onset at 1 to 3 months. 

Although the clinical usefulness of tetracyclines is limited for most of the common microbial pathogens, they remain drugs of choice (or very effective alternative therapy) for a wide variety of infections caused by less common pathogens. These include brucellosis rickettsial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and Q fever Mycoplasma pneumonia cholera plague Ureaplasma urethritis Chlamydia infections and Lyme disease. Oral doxycycline, 100 mg orally twice a day for 7 days, is a recommended treatment for chlamydial sexually transmitted disease. 

Kalayoglu, M.V., and Byrne, G.I., 1998a, A Chlamydia pneumoniae component that induces macrophage foam ceU formation is chlamydial hpopolysaccharide, Infect. Immun. 66 5067-5072. 

Clotrimazole is an imidazole antifungal agent indicated for the treatment of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans. The administration of clotrimazole would be of no use in the treatment of infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Staphylcoccus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

The major precipitants of exacerbations of COPD are acute airways infections. The role of bacteria in precipitating exacerbations is controversial. Bacteria may have a primary role in the development of an exacerbation or represent a secondary superinfection of an initial viral process. The major bacterial organisms that have been associated with exacerbations are Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae may play a part. In COPD patients with a FEVi < 35% predicted gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. play an important part in acute exacerbations. 

A number of infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, such as trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, pneumonia, and urethritis, can be treated with topical or systemic sulfonamides, although tetracycline or erythromycin is preferred. 

It is indicated in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection e.g. bronchitis and pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections e.g. pharyngitis and sinusitis, infections due to chlamydia, legionella and mycoplasma, skin and soft tissue infections and eradication of H. pylori with acid suppressants. 

Some publications desaibed successful use of Enterosgel for treatment of systemic osteoporosis in post-menopausal women [83], reactive arthritis associated with chlamydia or/and yersiniosis infections [84], and severe forms of acute pneumonia in children [85, 86]. 

Levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, so-called respiratory fluoroquinolones, with their enhanced gram-positive activity and activity against atypical pneumonia agents (eg, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and legionella), are effective and used increasingly for treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. 

Kalayoglu, M.V., Byme, G.I., 1998b, Induction of macrophage foam cell formation by Chlamydia pneumoniae,/. Infect. Dis. 177 725-729. 

Due to its powerful specific activity against commonly isolated community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens [33,149-158], including penicillin-sensitive and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and atypical pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae and anaerobic bacteria [159-162], moxifloxacin was developed as a respiratory tract anti-infective [163-168]. 

Yersinia and Camplyobacter, as well as chronic Lyme arthritis. Human studies are currently underway to investigate a possible link between coronary artery disease and infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. 

Kornak.J., Kuo, C., and Campbell, L. (1991). Sequence analysis of the gene encoding the Chlamydia pneumoniae DnaK protein homolog. Infect. Immun. 59, Ti —T2.b. 

Siiram S, Stratton CW, Yao S, Tharp A, Duig L, Bannan ID, Mitchell WM (1999) Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 46 6—14. 

Anderson JL, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist J, Allen A, Trehan S, Nielson C, Hall S, Brady J, Egger M, Horne B, Lim T. Randomized secondary prevention trial of azithromycin in patients with coronary artery disease and serological evidence for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection The Azithromycin in Coronary Artery Disease Elimination of Myocardial Infection with Chlamydia (ACADEMIC) study. Circulation 1999 99(12) 1540-7. 

Maaolides are appropriate antibiotics for the management of respiratory tract infections because they are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci), and atypical organisms such as Legionella pneumophila. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. The newer generation macrolides such as clar-... 

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