Chronic pulmonary disorder

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for use in all adults 65 years of age or older and adults less than 65 years who have medical comorbidities that increase the risk for serious complications from S. pneumoniae infection, such as chronic pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, functional or anatomic asplenia, and immunosuppressive disorders. Alaskan natives and certain Native American populations are also at increased risk. Children over the age of 2 years may be vaccinated with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine if they are at increased risk for invasive S. pneumoniae infections, such as children with sickle cell anemia or those receiving cochlear implants. 

Patients with chronic pulmonary disorders may exhibit lethargy, confusion, memory loss and stupor. The combined insults of hypoxia and hypercapnia, which result in C02 retention, contribute to the encephalopathy but neurological symptoms correlate best with the degree of C02 retention. Acute moderate hypercapnia associated with 5-10% C02 in the expired air, leads to arousal and excitability whereas higher C02 concentrations, >35% in the expired air, are anesthetic. 

A defect or absence in any one of the proteins within the axoneme (e.g. dynein, nexin, etc.) results in cilia that are immotile, so called immotile-cilia syndrome. Patients suffering from this disease have chronic pulmonary disorders due to the cilia in the respiratory tract being unable to sweep out bacteria and other foreign particles. In addition, males with this genetic defect are infertile because their sperm are unable to move due to flagella inactivity. 

Preservative-free morphine shoidd not be given in cases of chronic asthma, upper airway obstruction or in any other chronic pulmonary disorder without due consideration of the known risk of acute respiratory failure following morphine administration in such patients. 

People of any age with chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders, including asthma but not including hypertension. 

Aging (skin and other tissues), myocardial infarct or stroke, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary disorders (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), radiation injury, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, hypertension, AIDS, multiple types of cancer, neuro-degenerative diseases (Parkinson s), diabetes, muscular dystrophy... 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) Inhalation (Diskus) 1 inhalation ql2h. 

Respiratory Disorders. Topically applied P-blockers can induce asthma or dyspnea in patients with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinicians should inquire about a history of pulmonary disorders before initiating glaucoma treatment with P-blockers. A history of restrictive airway disease also contraindicates the use of opioids for treatment of ocular pain. 

In man, serum copper concentrations are reported to be increased in a number of chronic illnesses such as coronary atherosclerosis with or without infarction, cerebral atherosclerosis, essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary diseases, and various hematological disorders (95,96). Diseases of hypercupremia and their manifestation have been described by Adelstein and Vallee (2). 

Jansen, J.M., Schutte, A.J.H., I.D. Elema, I.D. etal. (1984). Local immune complexes and inflammatory response in patients with chronic interstitial pulmonary disorders associated with collagen vascular diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 56, 311-320. 

Based on epidemiologic studies of workers in the uranium processing industry, the chronic exposure to aerosols of uranium compounds has not been related to chronic pulmonary health effects, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or lung cancer. 

The autonomous, sustained production of AVP in the absence of known stimuli for its release is called SIADH. In this syndrome, plasma AVP concentrations are inappropriately increased relative to a low plasma osmolality and to a normal or increased plasma volume. SIADH may be the result of one of several factors production of vasopressin by a malignancy (such as a small cell carcinoma of the lung), the presence of acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system, pulmonary disorders, or a side effect of certain drug therapies. In addition, as many as 10% of patients undergoing pituitary surgery have a transient SIADH approximately 8 to 9 days after surgery (when the patient is at home), which responds to water restriction (2 to 3 days) and resolves without recurrence. In SIADH, a primary excess of AVP, coupled with unrestricted fluid intake, promotes increased reabsorption of free water by the kidney. The result is a decreased urine volume and an increased urine sodium concentration and urine osmolality. As a consequence of water retention, these patients become modestly volume expanded. The increase in intravascular volume causes hemodilution accompanied by dilutional hyponatremia and a low plasma osmolality. Volume expan-... 

If begun within 24 hours of rash onset, oral acyclovir is efficacious in varicella of children and adults. In children weighing up to 40 kg, acyclovir (20 mg/kg, up to 800 mg per dose, four times daily for 5 days) reduces fever and new lesion formation by 1 day. Such use should be considered in those at risk of moderate-to-severe illness (persons >12 years old, secondary household cases, those with chronic cutaneous or pulmonary disorders, or those receiving glucocorticoids or long-term salicylates In adults treated within 24 hours, oral acyclovir (800 mg five times daily for 7 days) reduces the time to crusting of lesions by 2 days, the maximum number of lesions by 50%, and duration of fever. Intravenous acyclovir is effective in varicella pneumonia or encephalitis of previously healthy adults. Oral acyclovir (10 mg/kg four times daily) given between 7 and 14 days after exposure may reduce the risk of varicella. 

It is reasonable to broadly classify today s ventilators into two groups. The first and indeed the largest class is the critical care respirators used primarily in hospitals to treat patients for acute pulmonary disorders or following certain surgical procedures. The second class of mechanical ventilators includes less complicated machines that are primarily used at home to treat patients with chronic respiratory disorders. 

The electron-rich thiophene and benzothiophenes are widely used as isosteres of their phenyl cousins in medicinal chemistry. These ring systems can be found in many pharmaceuticals with varied therapeutic applications such as the inhibition of platelet aggregation, treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), bipolar disorder, psychosis, and prevention of osteoporosis, among many others. ... 

Pulmonary emphysema is a chronic progressive disorder wherein the elastic fibers of the lung become fragmented and dysfunctional with the result of a loss of elastic recoil. One result is that the patient must consciously and forcibly exhale. A prominent proposal for the etiology of the disease has been the lack of proteinase inhibitors that would otherwise prevent proteolytic degradation of the fiber.To help study the disease, a successful animal model for pulmonary emphysema was developed in which direct instillation of the proteolytic enzyme elastase into the lung became the causative agent. ° ... 

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