Plant stand esters

Nguyen, T. T. (1999). The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stand esters. J. Nutr. 129(12) 2109-2112. 

Plat J and Mensink RP. 2001. Effects of diets enriched with two different plant stand ester mixtures on plasma ubiquinol-10 and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations. Metab Clin Exp 50(5) 520-529. 

Diets low In saturated fat and cholesterol that include 25 g of soy protein per day Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol that include two servings of foods that provide a daily total of at least 3.4 g of plant stand esters in two meals... 

Plat, J., van Onselen, E.N.M., van Heugten, M.M.A., and Mensink, R.P., Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stand esters, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 671-677, 2000. 

Wester, I (1999) Doseresponsiveness to plant stand esters. Em. Heart J., Suppl. 1, S104—S108. Weststrate, JA and Meijer, GW (1998) Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Em. J. Clin. Nutr., 52, 334—343. 

Williams, CL, Bollella, MC, Strobino, BA, Boccia, L and Campanaro, L (1999) Plant stand ester and bran fiber in childhood effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 18, 572-581. 

Plat J and Mensink RP. 2005. Plant stand and sterol esters in the control of blood cholesterol levels mechanism and safety aspects. Am J Cardiol 96(1) 15D-22D. 

The use of phytosterols as part of diet therapy to lower LDL-C and risk for CAD is supported by both the NCEP guidelines and the FDA s health claim about the relationship between the consumption of plant sterol and stand esters and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. This section briefly discusses the efficacy of the phytosterols as arguably the most effective dietary approach to lower plasma LDL-C in most types of subjects with the least impact on habitual diets. 

Thompson, G.R. and Grundy, S.M., History and development of plant sterol and stand esters for cholesterol-lowering purposes. Am. J. Cardiol.. 96 (Suppl. 1), 3S-9S, 2005. 

Schiepers, O.J.G., de Groof R.H.M., van Boxlel, M.P.J., Jolles, J., de Jong, A., Luetjohann, D., Plat, J., and Mensink, R.P. 2009. Consuming functional foods enriched with plant sterol or stand esters for 85 weeks does not effect neurocognitive functioning or mood in statin-treated hypercholesterolemic individuals. J JVwft 739 1368-1373. 

Plant sterols (such as P-sitosterol, which differs from cholesterol in the structure of the side-chain) and stands (which differ from sterols in having a saturated B-ring see Figure 4.13) inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine. As discussed in section 4.3.2.1, in addition to about 500 mg of dietary cholesterol, about 2 g of cholesterol is secreted each day in the bile. Almost all of this is normally reabsorbed any inhibition of cholesterol absorption is therefore likely to have a more marked hypocholesterolaemic effect than might be expected simply by considering the dietary intake. A number of products, such as margarine, yoghurts and cream, that contain plant sterols and/or stand esters have been marketed. 

Figure 8. Plat et al. (2000) showed in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that 2.5 g of plant stand in ester form reduced serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels to the same extent irrespective of whether it was consumed as one daily dose or divided into three doses taken throughout the day.

During the past decade, major interest has focused on plant stand and sterol esters and their efficacy in reducing serum LDL cholesterol levels. Hypocholesterolemic effects have been reported ... 

The most economically important group of natural plant insecticides are the pyrethrins, a group of six closely related esters extracted from pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum clnerariaefollum) flower heads (Figure 1). Pyrethrum has been used as an insecticide since at least the early 1800 s in Persia and Yugoslavia. By 1828 pyrethrum was being processed for commercial Insect control, and by 1939 imports of pyrethrum into the United States reached a peak of 13.5 million pounds. Use of the natural product declined in the early 1950 s because of the advent of synthetic pyrethroid analogs (for example, allethrins), which were both more stable and more effective in the field. The present worldwide demand for pyrethrum flowers remains in excess of 25,000 tons annually and is satisfied by the estimated 150 million flowers still hand-harvested daily, predominantly in natural stands and cultivated fields in Kenya, Tanzania, and Ecuador (9 ). 

Special properties make formetanat (28) stand out in several respects from the other carbamate insecticides. It is soluble in water, has also a systemic effiect, and is more efficient to red spider mites resistant to phosphoric acid esters than to strains susceptible to phosphoric acid ester insecticides (Peissker et al., 1962 Steinhausen, 1967). The peroral LD50 for mice is 20 mg/kg. In both plants and warm-blooded animals the dimethylaminomethyleneimino group is decomposed to an amino group, with concomitant hydrolysis of the carbamate group to yield m-amino-phenol as end-product (Knowles, 1970 Knowles and Sen Gupta, 1970). Basically the same decomposition products are also formed by the action of light (Su and Zabik, 1972). 

The essential elements of Table 2.1 meet these demands. In all cases they are components of the metabolic system in cell or of important final products for example, cellulose for the upright standing of the plant. The function as constituents of such compounds is clear for C, H, and O. These three elements are together components of nearly all organic compounds in the plant [only hydrocarbons (e.g., carotins) are free of O], and therefore they build up the planfs shape. A similarly clear situation holds true for N and P, both of which are constituents of the information carriers DNA and RNA. N is a component of their purine and pyrimidine bases, while phosphoric acid esters of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose form the backbone of their nucleotide sequences. Moreover, P plays a very important role in energy metabolism, the key compounds being nucleotide phosphates (e.g., adenosine triphosphate, ATP) (see Scheme 2.1) and the homologous molecules... 

Perilla oil p9- ri-l9 (1917) n. A drying oil obtained from the seed of the perilla plants, Perilla ocymoides and Perilla nankinensis, natives of the Orient. Its main constituent acids are linoleic and linolenic, and it has the highest iodine value of all known vegetable oils except chia. It is superior to linseed oil, both from the point of view of drying rate, especially in the form of stand oil, and also of polymerization rate. Sp gr, 0.933-0.937 per 15°C iodine value, 194, saponification value, 192. Paint pigment, drying oils, polymers, resins, naval stores, cellulosics esters, and ink vehicles, vol 3. American Society for Testing and Material, Philadelphia, PA, 2001. 

Phytosterols (PS) are plant sterols or stands found in plants. Plant sterols belong to the triterpene family and differ from cholesterol by having a methyl or ethyl group in C24. Plant stanols, on the other hand, are the saturated form of the plant sterols (Fig. 113.1). PS are present in free or conjugated form as fatty-acyl esters, hydroxycinnamate steryl esters, steryl glycosides, or acylated steryl glycosides. The main function of plant sterols/stanols is to stabilize plant membranes and serve as precursors in the synthesis of steroidal saponins, alkaloids, and other steroids [1]. 

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