Antioxidant fat-soluble

Vitamin E, being first reported barely a century ago, is the biologically most important fat-soluble antioxidant and has become a commodity product and bulk chemical in the meantime. Besides its antioxidant function, several nonantioxidant actions of the compound have been recently identified and new ones are still being discovered.1... 

H5rak, P., Surai, P. F., and Mpller, A. P. 2002. Fat-soluble antioxidants in the eggs of great tits Parus major in relation to breeding habitat and laying sequence. Avian Sci. 2 123-130. 

Butler, G., Nielsen, J.H., Slots, T., Sanderson, R.A., Eyre, M.D. and Leifert, C. (2007b), Effect of low input dairy management systems on milk composition - II. Fat soluble antioxidants/vitamins . Journal of Dairy Science, submitted. 

Plat J and Mensink RP. 2001. Effects of diets enriched with two different plant stand ester mixtures on plasma ubiquinol-10 and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations. Metab Clin Exp 50(5) 520-529. 

Hermann (2000) described a rapid automated method involving generation of a known amount of free radicals and the detection of the excess by photochemiluminescence. Test kits are available for determination of total water-soluble antioxidants, fat-soluble antioxidants and ascorbic acid. A luminometric method was developed for the determination of antioxidative activity and was subsequently applied to anthocyanin and betalaine colour concentrates (Kuchta et al., 1999). The method involved quantification of the interruption in luminescence from the hydrogen peroxide-horse radish peroxidase-luminol system in the presence of antioxidants. 

The provision of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids is difficult, if not impossible, in various diseases. This is especially true for diseases that are accompanied by a lot of oxidative stress, for example, mucoviscidosis. The requirements of fat-soluble antioxidative substances are certainly high in these cases and can barely be covered by intramuscular injections because fat-soluble vitamins can hardly, if at all, be absorbed from oily preparations. Alternatively, the vitamins can administered via the buccal mucosa the fat-soluble substances have to be packaged in such a way that they can be transported in a watery compartment and are thus able to largely dissolve in the saliva. When they have an adequate size, they can then penetrate the buccal mucosa. One approach is the development of the so-called nanocolloids, that is, particles with a polar nucleus, in which the fat-soluble vitamin is dissolved, and an apolar wrapping (monolayer). This structure makes an oral application of fat-soluble substances possible. First tests demonstrated that vitamin A palmitate, a-tocopherol, as well as coenzyme Qio are thus able to enter the systemic circulation via the buccal mucosa. 

The reason for this increase in mortality is considered to be due to the displacement of other fat-soluble antioxidant such as y-tocopherol (29) and to the possible inhibition of the cytosolic glutathione S-transpherase, which is involved in the detoxification process of endogenous toxins (30). One of the oxidized metabolites of vitamin E, the vitamin E quinone, has a very strong activity as an inhibitor of vitamin Independent clotting mechanism (3 I),... 

Mensink, R.R et al.. Effects of plant stanol esters supplied in low-fat yogurt on serum lipids and lipoproteins, noncholesterol sterols and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations, Atherosclerosis, 160, 205, 2002. 

Temme, E.H. et al.. Effects of a plant sterol-enriched spread on serum lipids and lipoproteins in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects, Acta Cardiol, 57, 111, 2002. Plat, J. et al.. Effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat soluble antioxidant concentrations of consumption frequency of margarines and shortenings enriched with plant stanol esters, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 671, 2000. 

Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) BHT is also a monohydroxyphenol (Figure 4) and is widely used in foods. This fat-soluble antioxidant is available as a white crystalline compound. BHA is less stable than BHT at high temperatures and has lower carry-through properties. BHA and BHT act synergistically, and several commercial antioxidant formulations contain both of these antioxidants. BHT is effectively used in oxidation retardation of animal fats. It is postulated that BHA... 

Soybean tocopherols are the major source of natural fat-soluble antioxidants and Vitamin E. The Vitamin E activity of natural d-cx-tocopherol is much greater that that of synthetic Vitamin E, which is a mixture of eight stereoisomers (203). Phytosterols are used as raw materials for over 75% of the world s steroid production. The more recent application of phytosterol, phytostanol, and their fatty acid esters in margarine and table spreads is based on the blood cholesterol-lowering effect of these compounds (204,205). The recent development of functional foods containing phytosterols has been reviewed by Hollingsworth (206) and Hicks and Moreau (207). 

Hove, E. L. and Hove, Z. (1944). A method for estimating total fat-soluble antioxidants based on the relation between fat peroxides and carotene destruction./. Biol. Chem. 156,611-622. 

Palace, V.P., K. Wautier, R.E. Evans, C. Baron, J. Werner, C. Ranson, J.F. Klaverkamp and K. Kidd. Effects of 17/3-estradiol exposure on metallothionein and fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 66 591-596, 2001. 

Lewisite is the only vesicant with a proven antidote—British anti-lewisite (2,3-dimercaptopropa-nol). Increasing antioxidant levels have been found to be protective against the mustards analog, NAC. NAC, which we have used in our studies with CEES, is immediately clinically available. It is most commonly used for acetaminophen overdose. NAC has a long history of several gram quantities administered in several doses and has minimal adverse reactions. In the case of acetaminophen overdose, it is administered via the oral-gastric route, which increases hepatic GSH levels, and in turn, suppresses inflammatory cytokines (Dambach et al., 2006). Liposome encapsulation of both water- and fat-soluble antioxidants was proven to be more effective in the suppression of OS than the free molecule of NAC. 

CoQ-10 is a fat-soluble antioxidant found in almost every cell in the body. Flax seed oil (or omega 3 fatty acid) is taken in conjunction with CoQ-10 to help the body utilize the CoQ-10. Antioxidants are supportive of arterial health by decreasing fat deposits in the vessels. 

Carbon tetrachloride Diacetone alcohol Dibutyl ether 1,4-Dioxane Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether 2-Hexanone Isophorone Isopropyl acetate 2-Methoxy-1-propanol acetate 1-Nitropropane Paraldehyde Propylene dichloride Tetrabromoethane Tetrahydronaphthalene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane solvent, fat-soluble antioxidants Sucroglycerides Sucrose fatty acid esters solvent, fat-soluble substances pharmaceuticals Sesamol... 

The others (3, y, 5, e, 0 have slightly different formulas. The tocopherols are yellow oils. Vitamin E is required for reproduction and lactation in rats, and probably is required for good health by man. One lU is equal to 1 mg of D,L-a-tocopheryl acetate (0.74 mg of the d acetate, 1.36 mg of the L acetate). Vitamin E is the principal fat-soluble antioxidant it protects the tissues, especially the unsaturated fatty acids, against damage by oxidation. Animals deficient in vitamin E develop muscular dystrophy and heart disease. 

Others. Cocoa and cocoa butter have been reported to contain fat-soluble antioxidants and could be a source of such substances.2 ... 

Vitamin E is the most potent fat-soluble antioxidant in human plasma. Although vitamin E was first discovered in 1922, its metabolic function remains an enigma. There are eight different molecular forms with vitamin E antioxidant activity, yet the body preferentially retains a-tocopherol. This preference for a-tocopherol has led the Eood and Nutrition Board in its 2000 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for vitamin E to recommend that only a-tocopherol, not the other forms, meets human requirements for vitamin E. Moreover, only a-tocopherol is recognized by the hepatic a-tocopherol transfer protein (a-lT P). This protein regulates plasma a-tocopherol concentrations and genetic abnormalities in the protein (or its absence) leads to vitamin E deficiency in humans. 

The stereocentres in the terpenoid side chain of the tocopherols, fat soluble antioxidants which are the main components of vitamin E, have been installed using this chemistiy in an impressive demonstration of the power of this methodology. " Various iridium catalysts were screened for the hydrogenation of y-tocotrienyl acetate 19 with pyridine-phosphinite ligand 20 giving almost exclusively the natural (J )-isomer of y-tocopherol acetate 21 (Scheme 14.7). The presence of the existing stereocentre in the molecule exerts almost no influence over the reaction, as demonstrated by hydrogenation with an achiral iridium catalyst. 

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