Cholesterol, dietary

Monounsaturated fat Carbohydrates Cholesterol Dietary fiber Plant sterols Protein Total calories... 

Therapy aimed at improving cardiovascular disease risk is aimed at lowering circulating lipid levels, especially that of cholesterol. Dietary intervention (low saturated triglyceride and cholesterol) is effective. Circulating cholesterol can in fact be determined from daily fat intake by the Hegstedt formula ... 

Leonarduzzi, G., Sottero, B., Poli, G. 2002. Oxidized products of cholesterol dietary and metabolic origin, and proatherosclerotic effects (review). J. Nutr. Biochem. 13, 700-710. 

Drugs used to increase HDL levels (fibrates, nicotinic acid, and statins) in otherwise normal people do not have the same effect in patients with Tangier disease. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and treat other risk factors associated with CAD. Exercise, weight reduction, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat reduction, and smoking cessation are the first line in management of low HDL cholesterol. Dietary management with low fat intake is beneficial in reducing the risk for CAD, as well... 

It is known that cholesterol interacts with erythrocyte phospholipids reducing its molecular area (Demel et al., 1967) and, as a consequence, a decrease in the local fluidity of the lipid matrix of the erythrocyte membrane occurs, as it was determined by electron spin resonance studies (Kroes et al., 1972). The results obtained for the inhibition by F of the erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase and (Na" ", KT ")-ATPase from rats fed corn oil and corn oil-plus-cholesterol supplemented diet, respectively, are presented in Table 5. In the case of acetylcholinesterase, the values of n change from 1.5 to 1.0 because of cholesterol dietary effect. Consequently, in the (Na , KT ")-ATPase the values of n vary in an inverse manner (from 2.0 to 3.6). (Bloj et al., 1973 ). 

Not a significant source of calories from fat. saturated fat. trans fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber, sugars, vitamin A, vitamin C and iron. Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. 

Another possible mechanism for the effect of dietary carbohydrates on cholesterol metabolism is that the carbohydrates affect the absorption of cholesterol. Dietary fructose with cholate gave rise to a hypercholesterolemia in rats, cornstarch was not very effective in this regard, and sucrose and dextrose were intermediate (Portman et al., 1956b). Sucrose favors cholesterol reabsorption in chicks when compared with glucose (Grant and Fahrenbach, 1957) and in rabbits lactose gives rise to more reabsorption than sucrose (Wells and Anderson, 1959). 

Vegetarian and particularly vegan diets tend to be low in energy, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber, and sodium. If processed foods are avoided added sugars are also low. Current recommendations for acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) in the US are for fat 20-55% of calories and for protein 10-35% of calories, with added sugars no more than 25 % of calories, and the remainder from other carbohydrates. 

LDL) present in serum. The effects of saturates, polyunsaturates, and dietary cholesterol on total semm cholesterol have been quantitated (98,99) using the following equations ... 

Bde salts, cholesterol, phosphoHpids, and other minor components are secreted by the Hver. Bile salts serve three significant physiological functions. The hydrophilic carboxylate group, which is attached via an alkyl chain to the hydrophobic steroid skeleton, allows the bile salts to form water-soluble micelles with cholesterol and phosphoHpids in the bile. These micelles assist in the solvation of cholesterol. By solvating cholesterol, bile salts contribute to the homeostatic regulation of the amount of cholesterol in the whole body. Bile salts are also necessary for the intestinal absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins (24—26). 

Brewers and bakers dried yeasts are used as dietary supplements. They contribute some protein and trace minerals, and some B vitamins, but no vitamin C, vitamin B 2 or fat-soluble vitamins. The glucose tolerance factor (GTE) of yeast, chromium nicotinate, mediates the effect of insulin. It seems to be important for older persons who caimot synthesize GTE from inorganic dietary chromium. The ceU wall fraction of bakers yeast reduces cholesterol levels in rats fed a hypercholesteremic diet. 

Reduction in semm Hpids can contribute significantly to prevention of atherosclerosis. In 1985 a consensus report indicating that for every 1% reduction in semm cholesterol there is a 2% reduction in adverse effects of coronary heart disease was issued (145). Recommended semm cholesterol concentration was 200 mg/dL for individuals under 30 years of age, and individuals having concentration 240 mg/dL and LDL-cholesterol over 160 mg/dL should undertake dietary modification and possibly pharmacotherapy (146). Whereas the initial step in reducing semm cholesterol is through reduction of dietary cholesterol intake, a number of dmgs are available that can affect semm Hpid profile (see Fat substitutes). The pathway to cholesterol synthesis is shown in Figure 2. 

Dairy products (see Milk and milkproducts) have been staple items of the diet for many centuries, and have long been the target for imitation. The development of nutritional guidelines emphasizing the need to reduce total dietary fat, dietary cholesterol [57-88-5] C2yH4 0, and saturated fatty acids (see Fats and fatty oils Fat substitutes), has increased the interest in imitation dairy foods. However, with the exception of butter and cream the market penetration of dairy substitutes has been limited. 

Molecular Interactions. Various polysaccharides readily associate with other substances, including bile acids and cholesterol, proteins, small organic molecules, inorganic salts, and ions. Anionic polysaccharides form salts and chelate complexes with cations some neutral polysaccharides form complexes with inorganic salts and some interactions are stmcture specific. Starch amylose and the linear branches of amylopectin form inclusion complexes with several classes of polar molecules, including fatty acids, glycerides, alcohols, esters, ketones, and iodine/iodide. The absorbed molecule occupies the cavity of the amylose helix, which has the capacity to expand somewhat to accommodate larger molecules. The starch—Hpid complex is important in food systems. Whether similar inclusion complexes can form with any of the dietary fiber components is not known. 

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

Vanhanen, H. X, Blomqvist, S., Ehnholm, C., et al., 1993. Sernm cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects widi different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. Journal of Lipid Research 34 1535-1544. 

Cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles that carry dietary lipids absorbed in the intestine and deliver them to the liver for uptake. 

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