Fungi, rust

Raguso, R. A. and Roy, B. A. (1998). Floral scent production by Puccinia rust fungi that mimic flowers. Molecular Ecology 7 1127-1136. 

TeuosporE One of the thick walled chlamydospores or winter spores, developed in the life cycle in rust fungi. 

Southerton, S. G., and Deverall, B. J., 1990, Histochemical and chemical evidence for lignin accumulation during expression of resistance to leaf rust fungi in wheat. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 36 483-494. 

Spore germination and appressoria formation during the pathogenesis of rust fungi is affected to a very low extent. The interference with haustorial formation is the most important effect. Colonized cells undergo a hypersensitivity reaction finally they become necrotic. Further development of the obligate parasite is therefore stopped. 

Pring, R. J. (1984) Effects of Triadimefon on the Ultrastructure of Rust Fungi Infecting Leaves of Wheat and Broad Bean, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 21, 127 - 137. 

In France and Germany, disease control measures on cereals are directed primarily against foot rot and leaf diseases, or leaf and ear diseases. In the United Kingdom, treatments are generally made for the control of leaf diseases, such as powdery mildew. It should be mentioned that these data do not include the use of the azole-compound triadimenol as a seed dressing for early season protection against powdery mildew and rust fungi on wheat and barley. 

Species of Tilletiopsis are frequently found as epiphytes on leaves, especially those infected with powdery mildew or rust fungi [372, 373]. 

Other rust fungi apart from C. ribicola also occur on the Pinus species in question. 

Oxycarboxin has good activity against rust fungi and is particularly useful for their control in ornamental plants. It is also used against some soil-borne seedling diseases in cotton growing. 

Pyracarbolid acts against rust fungi and is important in the control of coffee rust. 

Littlefield, L.J. Heath, M.C. Ultrastructure of Rust Fungi Academic New York, 1979. 

The differences in classes of pathogens are in the mode of virulence (ability to overcome resistance). The biotrophic pathogen either actively suppresses or does not induce the NR response in the susceptible host. In this situation, chemicals or enzymes associated with NR either are not formed or occur in very low concentrations. Examples of biotrophic pathogens attacking cotton are the rust fungi, root-knot and reniforme nematodes, and viruses. 

Another example involves the parasitism of one fungus on another. The parasitism of Monocillium nordinii on the pine stem rust fungi Cronartium coleosporioides and Endocronartium harkenssii is due to production of the antifungal antibiotics monorden and the monocillins [61]. 

S. lanosoniveum is a parasite of rust fungi (Zare and Gams, 2001a), and may have been confused in the past with Lecanicillium lecanii. S. lamellicola ( = Verticillium lamellicola) has also been reported as a parasite of rust fungi, and may sometimes cause a disease of cultivated Agaricus mushrooms (Van Zaayen and Gams, 1982). 

Chlorthalonil, 2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile (13), is a fungicide with a wide range of action similar to ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, and is effective against Phytophthora and rust fungi (Turner et al., 1964). 

Iodo-N-phenylbenzamide, benodanil (6), has a more powerful effect on rust fungi of cereals Puccinia spp.) than mebenil, and is also effective against the rust fungi of coffe, tobacco, vegetables and ornamental plants (Pommer et al., 1973 Locheret al., 1974). This active substance is better tolerated by plants than mebenil. It has a curative and systemic action. Its absorption through the leaves depends on the formulation of the active substance. It is more rapidly absorbed from emulsions and oily preparations than from suspension. Its translocation is relatively slow (Frost et al., 1973). 

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