Timber production

This requires the urgent development of new technologies to ensure the more efficient use of the resource by, for example, extending the life of timber-based products. 

Fast grown softwood from plantation sources is generally characterized by a high proportion of juvenile wood and often poorly developed heartwood. A fast rate of growth results in wide growth rings, producing low-density timber that exhibits inferior mechanical 

Forest area required per capita to support consumption 

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Chemical iajections iato piae trees have been reported to have stimulatory effects on the natural production of resias and terpenes and may result ia high yields of these valuable chemicals. Combiaed oleoresin—timber production ia mixed stands of piae and timber trees is under development, and it appears that when short-rotation forestry is used, the yields of energy products and timber can be substantially higher than the yields from separate operations. 

Timber production in the United States is an important contributor to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 1991, timber-related activities in the United States generated -- 59,498 million (Table 7). It accounted for 2.2% of the goods and stmctures portion of GDP. Primary timber products production totaled 19,370 secondary timber-related products added 40,128 million of value in 1991. 

Table 7. Value of Primary and Secondary Timber Products and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United States, 1991...

Table 8. Volume and Value of Roundwood Timber Products Harvested in the United States by Region, 1986 and 1991 ...

Secondary Timber Products. Secondary timber products are products manufactured from primary timber products. Secondary products can be sold directly to the final consumer or can requite additional processing before reaching the final consumer. The wide diversity of products manufactured from primary timber products makes it difficult to precisely define secondary products. Lumber, for example, is clearly a secondary product because it is manufactured from roundwood and typically requites further processing before reaching its final use. Wooden furniture is considered a final product, not a secondary product because it is made from lumber or other secondary timber products. In general, products made from secondary timber products were not included in this analysis. 

Table 10 itemizes the specific four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industries considered to be secondary timber products manufacturers. For more information on the SIC system, see Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (119). 

In 1991, timber-related secondary products manufacturing industries added an estimated 40,128 million of value to primary timber products (Table 11). Most of the timber-related value added (63%) originated in the paper and aUied products industry. The lumber and wood products industry added nearly 37% of total timber-related value added. Less than 1% was from chemicals and aUied products. 

Homestead agroforestry system provides nearly 50% cash flow to the rural poor (Ahmed 1999). Collectively, homestead agroforestry production system contributes about 70% fruit, 40% vegetable, 70% timber, and 90% firewood and bamboo requirement of Bangladesh (Miah and Ahmed 2003). In addition, the homestead plantations are recognized repositories of non-timber products such as medicinal and aromatic plants, ornamentals, bamboos, khair, lac, honey, cane, murta plants, and grasses. 

Primary smelting, of tin, 24 787-788 Primary timber products, 26 361-363 Primary uranium minerals, 25 396 Primary vulcanization accelerators, 21 797 Primary wastewater treatment, 25 888 Primers, 18 67... 

Secondary timber products, 26 363-364 Secondary tin, 24 789 Secondary vulcanization accelerators, 21 797... 

Tiller s guide, for selecting SLS equipment, 11 347-348 Tilmicosin, 15 301 Tilted plate separators, 22 68, 69 Tilting press, 12 731-732 Timberol, 24 566 Timber products... 

The biomass in (for example) a forest can be harvested and the sequestered carbon can either be used for energy production (with rapid return of the carbon to the atmosphere) or it can be stored for longer periods in timber products. The example given in Figure 1.4 shows a forest that is clear-felled after 100 years of growth. 

Extending the life of timber products will result in carbon being stored in a materials pool for longer periods. 

Ultimate disposal of timber products will return the sequestered carbon to the atmosphere, where it is available for continued production of timber. 

Figure 7.7 Predictions of growth of timber production and consumption globally until 2050 (Brooks etal., 1996). (A high demand, B low demand, C low production, D high production).

Although CCA is an exceedingly effective preservative in service, attention has increasingly been focused on the fate of CCA when the treated timber products are disposed of. This has led to concerns especially regarding the ultimate release of arsenic and chromium into the biosphere. 

Uie recycling of wood waste is also increasingly being used, where timber products at the end of life are usually reduced by chipping, or fibre production, and the resultant material is then reused in reconstituted wood products. Strict monitoring and control are required in order to ensure that inappropriately treated waste is not included in the feedstock stream for recycling wood. The use of recycled wood in reconstituted products is rising rapidly for example, in the UK, the panel products industry used 400 000 tonnes of recycled wood in 1999, and this had risen to 932000 tonnes by 2002 (UK Forestry Commission data 2003). 

The replacement of timber products by nonrenewable materials is an unfortunate development, since it has been repeatedly shown that the use of timber does have associated environmental benefits compared with the use of nonrenewables (e.g. Marcea and Lau, 1992 Hillier and Murphy, 2000 Bowyer etal., 2003 Lippke etal., 2004). Timber has a lower embodied energy content (and hence a more favourable carbon emission profile) compared to most other building materials and can provide other benefits, such as improved thermal properties. It and the products made from it (in common with other renewable materials) can be used as a repository for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Wood is derived from a renewable resource, albeit potentially an exhaustible one unless it is managed correctly. Disposal of wood can be readily achieved with little environmental impact (subject to how the wood has been treated prior to disposal). 

Although timber production and utilization can result in substantial environmental benefits compared with materials extracted from nonrenewable sources, timber utilization and forestry have become associated with negative environmental impacts. Tropical deforestation... 

Of these, the latter would be comparable with, or lower than, those associated with untreated timber. Furthermore, modified wood would be expected to have lower maintenance requirements than conventional timber products. Impacts associated with the production, use and disposal of wood preservatives are obviously no longer present. 

Nepstad, D.C. and Schwartzman, S., Eds., Non-Timber Products from Tropical Forests, New York Botanical Garden Bronx, NY, 1992,164. 

U.S. EPA (1981). Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Timber Products. EPA/440/1-81/023. January 198I. Cincinnati, OH US EPA. 

Malaysia is blessed with a rich tropical rain forest, which is one of the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world. The forest contributes to 95% of the land covers in Malaysia providing rich timber and other forest products. The coastal regions are generally covered with peat swamp (3.3%) and the ecologically sensitive mangroves (1.8%) (UNEP/ EAP-AP, 1999). In 2003, Malaysia exported 13.97 million m3 of timber and timber products (MTC, 2006). 

In later years as demand for timber products boomed with the population, the economic value of the virgin stands of deciduous and coniferous forests became the foundation of substantial fortunes. Commercial lumbering moved westward with the population until reaching the Pacific Coast with its tremendous stands of Douglas Fir, Redwood, and Pine. 

In some regions of the country, notably the Northwest and now in the Southeast, lumbering is a major factor in the economy. The Northwest is a classic illustration of the economic importance of lumbering. The decline in demand for timber products, due to the economy, resulted in a loss of thousands of jobs in the Pacific Northwest. The fifteen to twenty billion dollar a year industry has been almost at a standstill. 

Management of our forests is now well appreciated by almost everyone. The need to maintain growing stands of timber for water management, erosion control, timber yield, recreation, as well as for timber products and grazing, is well recognized. 

A summary of the current discharge limitations for various facets of the timber products industry is given in Table I. 

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