Petroleum products, manufacture

Vessels, e g., waste heat boilers, in which steam is generated incidental to the operation of a processing system containing a number of pressure vessels, such as are used in chemical and petroleum products manufacture. (Equipment which may fire a supplemental fuel should be considered as a fired pressure vessel.)... 

A petrochemical is any chemical (as distinct from fuels and petroleum products) manufactured from petroleum (and natural gas) and used for a variety of commercial purposes (Table 3.8). The definition, however, has been broadened to include the entire range of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic organic chemicals, as well as carbon black and inorganic materials such as sulfur and anunonia. Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which comprise one or more carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are attached. Currently,... 

ASTM committees must be balanced in that the number of voting producers must not be greater than the number of voting nonproducers. Eor petroleum products, nonproducers are regulators, consumers, and equipment manufacturers. Committee chairs must be nonproducers. Although standards must be approved by a majority, aH negative votes must be carefully considered and a response made. In practice, because aH issues are fully discussed and the discussions are based on hard data, very few negative votes are cast when standards are submitted for final approval. 

Manufacture of Monomers. The monomers of the greatest interest are those produced by oligomerization of ethylene (qv) and propylene (qv). Some olefins are also available as by-products from refining of petroleum products or as the products of hydrocarbon (qv) thermal cracking. 

Catalysts for Chemical Industry Applications. The PGMs are widely used as catalysts in chemical manufacturing, petroleum (qv) refining, and electrochemical processing (qv). A number of the most important industrial products manufactured by using PGM catalysts are outlined herein. 

A significant source of concern for potential users of recycled petroleum products has been the lack of specifications or certifications related to the quaUty of the material and the consistency in producing oil of high quaUty. This perception of possible inferiority has been exacerbated by the reluctance of some equipment manufacturers to state whether they would honor warranties if recycled lubricants were used. 

If the product is essentially identical to that produced by other manufacturers, then the price is determined principally by the commodity market price. However, contract features such as guaranteed deHvery schedules can influence price. Examples of commodity pricing are petrochemicals, petroleum feedstocks, petroleum products, and primary metals. 

Machinery (except electrical) Manufacture of equipment for construction, elevators, moving stairways, conveyors, industrial trucks, trailers, stackers, machine tools, etc. Slag, sand, cores, metal scrap, wood, plastics, resins, rubber, cloth, paints, solvents, petroleum products... 

Transportation equipment Manufacture of motor vehicles, truck and bus bodies, motor-vehicle parts and accessories, aircraft and parts, ship and boat building, repairing motorcycles and bicycles and parts, etc. Metal scrap, glass, fiber, wood, rubber, plastics, cloth, paints, solvents, petroleum products... 

The pollutant ouqiuts from the refining facilities, however, are modest in comparison to the pollutant outputs realized from the consumption of petroleum products by the transportation sector, electric utilities, chemical manufacturers, and other industrial and commercial users. 

In addition to being the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, chlorine is extensively used in a variety of products, including paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, antiseptics, insecticides, foodstuffs, solvents, paints, and other consumer products. Most chlorine produced is used in the manufacture of chlorinated compounds for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. It is also used in the manufacture of chlorates, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride and in the extraction of bromine. Among other past uses, chlorine served as a war gas during World War I. 

The heaviest products obtained directly from oil arc lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. These products have both domestic and industrial uses. Lubricants, for example, are applied in the operation and maintenance of industrial equipment and machinery. Asphalt, because it is not reactive to chemicals in the environment, is a superb material of construction in the building of roads and in roofing. It is also used in the waterproofing of concrete, the manufacture of black paints, and as a material lor tire threads, battery housing, electrical insulation, and other applications. The heaviest of all the petroleum products, coke, is used extensively as a major component of industrial electrodes and as a commercial fuel. 

GHG emissions associated with the raw material are determined from the energy used to manufacture the plastic materials and the fuel used to transport them to the plant. The transportation and manufacture of the secondary packaging used to transport the primary raw materials and finished materials may also be considered. The embedded energy of the materials, if made from petroleum products, is also accounted for when it is used as a raw material (Keoleian and Spitzley, 1999 Spitzley et al., 1997). End-of-life emissions may also be included in LCA of milk packaging and include fhe energy used fo recycle the package or emissions in the form of CH4 from a landfill. 

Pure xylan is not employed in industry. but crude xylan or pentosans are of industrial importance. Xylan has been proposed as a textile size but is not employed as yet for this purpose.130 Perhaps the largest use of pentosans is in their conversion to furfural, which has many applications and serves as the source of other furan derivatives. At the present time, large quantities of furfural are used in the extractive purification of petroleum products, and recently a large plant has been constructed to convert furfural by a series of reactions to adipic acid and hexamethylene-diamine, basic ingredients in the synthesis of nylon. In commercial furfural manufacture, rough ground corn cobs are subjected to steam distillation in the presence of hydrochloric acid. As mentioned above, direct preferential hydrolysis of the pentosan in cobs or other pentosan-bearing products could be used for the commercial manufacture of D-xylose. 

Soil auguring can be applied to a wide variety of sites, including wood treatment facilities, oil and gas production units, bulk storage sites, pipeline, manufactured gas plants and other sites contaminated with residual oils, petroleum products, VOCs, semi-VOCs, and other contaminants. This technology is also applicable to sites with complicated, heterogeneous subsurface geology that can render more traditional approaches ineffective, or at sites where excavation is not cost-effective or practical. 

Petroleum products have a vast array of uses. In approximate order of importance the uses are as fuels for vehicles and industry, as heating oils, as lubricants, as raw materials in manufacturing petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and as solvents. By a wide margin, most products derived from petroleum find use as fossil fuels to run vehicles, to produce electricity, and to heat homes and business. About 65% of the petroleum used as fuel is consumed as gasoline in automobiles. Thus, petroleum products are ubiquitous in the modem environment, which leads to contamination problems for both the environment and in sampling activities. 

The environmental movement is gaining acceptance and importance in many countries, particularly in those countries which have originated after the collapse of the former USSR.Many of these former Soviet Bloc countries have been left with a plethora of environmental problems arising from antiquated manufacturing processes. Built without pollution control equipment to problems arising from the careless disposal of chemicals and petroleum products, to disposal of excess military ordinance. 

The first step toward making liquid fuels from coal involves the manufacture of synthesis gas (CO and H ) from coal. In 1925, Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch developed a catalyst that converted CO and at 1 atm and 250 to 300°C into liquid hydrocarbons. By 1941, Fischer-Tropsch plants produced 740 000 tons of petroleum products per year in Germany (Dry, 1999). Fischer-Tropsch technology is based on a complex series of reactions that use to reduce CO to CH groups linked to form long-chain hydrocarbons (Schulz, 1999) ... 

Uses. Manufacture of rayon, mercerized cotton, soap, paper, aluminum, petroleum products metal cleaning electrolytic extraction of zinc tin plating oxide coating... 

By far the major product of this industry is the gasoline fraction from petroleum. Fig. 7.2 demonstrates this, since U.S. shipments of gasoline were down in 1986 as well. Gasoline in Fig. 7.2 follows a curve similar to Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing in Fig. 7.1. Other products such as Jet fuel, kerosene, and fuel oils contribute substantially less to the total value of petroleum. 

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