Fischer, Franz

Olefin-hydroformylation on Cobalt-FT-catalysts in 1938 Head of Research at the Ruhrchemie company until 1962 Early co-worker of Franz Fischer... 

Co-worker of Franz Fischer, FT-research at KWI until 1946 In the USA (Bureau of Mines and HRI) 1946—1956 Professor in Fuel Chemistry, University of Karlsruhe 1956—1974... 

Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis is a catalysed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. Typical catalysts used are based on iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co). The production of liquid hydrocarbons using FT synthesis is a well known process. It was invented by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in the 1920s in Germany. It follows the reaction ... 

I am greatly indebted to my assistants, especially to Drs. Franz Bergel and F. Gottwalt Fischer, for untiring co-operation in carrying out numerous experiments. Dr. Fischer has, moreover, drawn the new diagrams for this edition and has prepared the index. 

Geison, "Scientific Change." J. S. Fruton, "Contrasts in Scientific Style Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister, Their Research Schools and Their Theories of Protein Structure," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129 (1985) 313370 also see, Fruton, "The Liebig Research Group, a Reappraisal," ibid., 132 (1988) 166 Holmes, "Complementarity," 121164 and J. B. Morrell, "The Chemist Breeders ... 

Fruton, Joseph S. "Contrasts in Scientific Style Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister Their Research Schools and Their Theories of Protein Structure." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 129 (1985) 313370. 

The first step toward making liquid fuels from coal involves the manufacture of synthesis gas (CO and H ) from coal. In 1925, Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch developed a catalyst that converted CO and at 1 atm and 250 to 300°C into liquid hydrocarbons. By 1941, Fischer-Tropsch plants produced 740 000 tons of petroleum products per year in Germany (Dry, 1999). Fischer-Tropsch technology is based on a complex series of reactions that use to reduce CO to CH groups linked to form long-chain hydrocarbons (Schulz, 1999) ... 

The FTS was established in 1923 by German scientists Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. The main aim of FTS is the synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons from CO and Hj gas mixture. The FTS is described by the set of equations (Schulz, 1999) ... 

As is well known, starting in 1923, Franz Fischer, Tropsch et al. developed the synthesis of hydrocarbons by carbon monoxide reduction to a technical process. They developed highly efficient multicomponent catalysts of the cobalt, nickel and iron type for this synthesis (43). 

The second aspect refers to the protein nature of enzymes. In 1894 Fischer (Fischer, 1909) stated that amongst the agents which serve the living cell the proteins are the most important. He was convinced that enzymes are proteins. The role of this key problem may be illustrated with a citation from Fruton (1979) ... the peptide theory was indeed only a hypothesis fifty years after Franz Hofmeister and Emil Fischer advanced it... (in 1902). The nature and stracture of proteins remained unknown throughout the 19th century remarkably, technological applications were nevertheless put into practice since the middle of the century (see above), based on their action, eventually recognized as catalysis, only. 

The sustained elevated price of crude oil seen in 2005 has led to increased interest in synthetic fuels. Synthetic fuels have been produced for more than 80 years through processes known as Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. Carbon monoxide is a basic feedstock in these processes. Franz Fischer (1852-1932) and Hans Tropsch (1889-1935) produced liquid hydrocarbons in the 1920s by reacting carbon monoxide (produced from natural gas) with hydrogen using metal catalysts such as iron and cobalt. Germany and Japan produced synthetic fuels during World War II. Low crude oil prices dictated little interest in synthetic fuels after the war,... 

Franz, Victor. Geschichte der Organismen. Gustav Fischer. Jena. 1924. 

Last but not least, we could write this book because we enjoyed countless interactions with other scientists and engineers who shaped our view of the field of biocatalysis. A representative, but certainly not exhaustive, list of these individuals, besides those already mentioned above, includes Frances Arnold, Uwe Bomscheuer, Stefan Buchholz, Mark Burk, Robert DiCosimo, David Dodds, Franz Effenberger, Uwe Eichhorn, Wolfgang Estler, Andreas Fischer, Tomas Hudlicky, Hans-Dieter Jakubke, Andreas Karau, Alexander Klibanov, Andreas liese, Oliver May, Jeffrey Moore, Rainer Muller, Mark Nelson, David Rozzell, Roger Sheldon, Christoph Syldatk, Stefan Verseck, and George Whitesides. We thank all of them for their contribution to our view of the field. 

Historical Development and Future Perspectives The Fischer-Tropsch process dates back to the early 1920s when Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch demonstrated the conversion of synthesis gas into a mixture of higher hydrocarbons, with cobalt and iron as a catalyst [35, 36], Some 20 years earlier, Sabatier had already discovered the reaction from synthesis gas to methane catalyzed by nickel [37]. The FTS played an important role in the Second World War, as it supplied Germany and Japan with synthetic fuel. The plants used mainly cobalt catalysts supported on a silica support called kieselguhr and promoted by magnesia and thoria. 

Fischer-Tropsch. The process most frequently considered for indirect coal liquefaction is the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis, developed in 1925 by German chemists Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch. In the F-T process, synthesis gas is reacted over a catalyst, typically iron or cobalt based, at 1-30 atm and 200-350°C to produce a wide range of mainly aliphatic hydrocarbons, including gas, LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, diesel oil, middle distillates, heavy oil, and waxes. Germany used this technology during World War II to produce nearly 15,000 barrels/day of military fuels. 

Fig. 2.19 Ernst Otto Fischer and Franz Hein talking to each other at Hein s farewell symposium in Jena 1969. Standing behind Franz Hein is Rudolf Taube, at that time Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Greifswald, Germany...

Biographies of Ernst Otto Fischer and Franz Hein see Chap. 2. 

When I started writing this book, it was exactly 50 years ago that I became acquainted with organo-transition metal chemistry. As an undergraduate at the University of Jena in the former Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( East Germany ), I attended a course in preparative inorganic chemistry and a junior colleague of Professor Franz Hein took care of the course. It was at this time, that Professor Ernst Otto Fischer visited Hein s laboratory to inform him that,... 

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