Traditional Approach

Traditional vs regression approach to automatic material characterization The traditional approach to automatic material characterization is based on physical reasoning where a. set of features of the signals that we assume to be the most relevant for solving the characterization problem is. selected. However, in situations with a complicated relation between the measurements and the material property to be characterized, this approach is not always applicable due to limited understanding of the underlying physical relations. 

We should also note that most of todays data acquisition systems are capable of producing enormous amounts of data which the traditional approach does not exploit for anything but verification of different ways to extract and combine features. To search in the. space of all such combinations is however a tremendous task. 

By proper design of experiments, guided by a statistical approach, the effects of experimental variables may be found more efficiently than by the traditional approach of holding all variables constant but one and systematically investigating each variable in turn. Trends in data may be sought to track down nonrandom sources of error. 

Discovery. The traditional approach to new pesticide discovery was to make iatuitive changes ia the substitueats oa a promising primary chemical stmcture. Initially, materials from any source were subjected to screening for biological activity as iasecticides, herbicides, or fungicides. 

Operation and Maintenance. Engineering and constmction firms can be contracted to take charge of treatment-plant operation and maintenance and manage other aspects necessary to meet performance goals, such as hiring and cost controls (7). Costs to the municipalities are reported to be competitive with the more traditional approach of management by municipal employees (8). 

Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides The traditional approach to reducing ambient ozone concentrations has been to reduce VOC emissions, an ozone precurssor. In many areas, it has now been recognized that ehmination of persistent exceedances of the National Ambient Air Qnality Standard for ozone may reqnire more attention to reductions in the other ingredients in ozone formation, nitrogen oxides (NOJ. In such areas, ozone concentrations are controlled by NO rather than VOC emissions. 

Process safety differs from the traditional approach to accident prevention in a number of ways (Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2ded., Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996, p. 1.8) ... 

There are two main approaches to its solution. Traditional approach is based on preliminary separation of UGC samples to gaseous and liquid phases and their subsequent analyses [1]. This approach is well-developed and it allows obtaining quite precise results being used properly. However, this method is relatively complicated. Multi-stage procedure is a source of potential errors, then, it makes the analyses quite time consuming. More progressive approach is based on the direct analysis of the pressurized UGC samples. In both cases the determination of heavy hydrocarbons (up to C ) is made by capillary gas chromatography. 

Figure 5.4 Traditional approach to product development (Maylor, 1996)...

Fig. 2.1. The traditional approach to the study of mechanical responses of shock-compressed solids is to apply a rapid impulsive loading to one surface of a diskshaped sample and measure the resulting wave propagating in the sample. As suggested in the figure, the wave shapes encountered in shock-loaded solids can be complex and may require measurements with time resolutions of a few nanoseconds.

From the organizational view of accident causation presented in the previous section, it will be apparent that the traditional approach to human error, which assumes that errors are primarily the result of inadequate knowledge or motivation, is inadequate to represent the various levels of causation involved. These contrasting views of error and accident causation have major implications for the way in which human error is assessed and the preventative measures that are adopted. 

This is partly because the traditional approach is well known and documented in the industry, whereas the other approaches have received very little application to date. In addition, despite the successes of the traditional approach in the area of occupational safety, it may be less applicable in areas such as the prevention of major chemical accidents. 

The traditional approach, because it sees the major causes of errors and accidents as being attributable to individual factors, does not encourage a consideration of the underlying causes or mechanisms of error. Thus, accident data-collection systems focus on the characteristics of the individual who has the accident rather than other potential contributory system causes such as inadequate procedures, inadequate task design, and communication failures. 

The successes of the traditional approach have largely been obtained in the area of occupational safety, where statistical evidence is readily available concerning the incidence of injuries to individuals in areas such as tripping and falling accidents. Such accidents are amenable to behavior modification approaches because the behaviors that give rise to the accident are under the direct control of the individual and are easily predictable. In addition, the nature of the hazard is also usually predictable and hence the behavior required to avoid accidents can be specified explicitly. For example, entry to enclosed spaces, breaking-open process lines, and lifting heavy objects are known to be potentially hazardous activities for which safe methods of work... 

Having described the underlying philosophy of the traditional approach to accident prevention, we shall now discuss some of the specific methods that are used to implement it, namely motivational campaigns and disciplinary action and consider the evidence for their success. We shall also discuss another frequently employed strategy, the use of safety audits. 

The traditional approach to CPQRA only considers human failures to perform required functions (usually errors of omission). However, many critical errors arise from misdiagnoses (mistakes) leading to erroneous, inappropri-... 

Two alternative methods have been used in kinetic investigations of thermal decomposition and, indeed, other reactions of solids in one, yield—time measurements are made while the reactant is maintained at a constant (known) temperature [28] while, in the second, the sample is subjected to a controlled rising temperature [76]. Measurements using both techniques have been widely and variously exploited in the determination of kinetic characteristics and parameters. In the more traditional approach, isothermal studies, the maintenance of a precisely constant temperature throughout the reaction period represents an ideal which cannot be achieved in practice, since a finite time is required to heat the material to reaction temperature. Consequently, the initial segment of the a (fractional decomposition)—time plot cannot refer to isothermal conditions, though the effect of such deviation can be minimized by careful design of equipment. 

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