Petroleum consumption international

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

The conventional fuels used for transit applications include gasoline, diesel fuel, and electricity. Alternatives to these fuels have been sought to reduce energy consumption, pollutant emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, and use of imported fuels. The conventional fuels for internal-combustion engines are the most energy-dense fuels petroleum and diesel fuel. 

The Industrial Revolution came hand-in-hand with the use of fossil fuels. Although coal had been used for heating and in metallurgy since at least the thirteenth century, it was not until the invention and refinement of the steam engine that coal consumption increased greatly. By the middle of the nineteenth century, work done by machines exceeded the work done by animal power. While steam engines were mainly fueled by coal, the advent of the internal combustion engine required a volatile fuel, and petroleum distillates are perfectly suited for this purpose. 

The following summarizes the yields estimated in this way for Paraho shale oil (in wt % ) olefins (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, 12.2 BTX, 23.5 fuels (including methane), 39.8 coke, 18.3 and hydrogen consumption (net), 0.9. No internal fuel requirements are reflected in these yields. The 36% yield to olefins and BTX could probably be increased significantly by further work, especially on steam pyrolysis to olefins. A bench mark is given in Ref. 8 for a hypothetical petrochemical refinery operated to obtain a 60% yield of BTX and olefins from petroleum. 

The prognosis, then, for road transportation is for a varied mix of propulsion systems and fuels as conventional petroleum becomes less plentiful and prices rise. Internal combustion engines operating with synthetic liquid fuels (hydrocarbons, alcohols and bio-diesel) are expected to appear in increasing numbers, often supported by hybrid electric drives to reduce fuel consumption. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles may become popular when more durable and affordable batteries become available. This would allow the power source to be part liquid fuel and part mains electricity. Some of the major obstacles to be overcome with hydrogen-fuelled vehicles are ... 

At the end of the twentieth century, consumption of petroleum fuels increased significantly on a worldwide basis and the first symptoms of a petrol crisis appeared. Automobile manufacturers decided to reduce petrol consumption by combining an electrical engine with an internal combustion engine to propel the vehicle. Thus, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was devised. Depending on the involvement of the electric motor (battery) in the propulsion of the vehicle, several types of HEVs have been developed. 

A galvanic cell in which the reactants are fed continuously to the cell and the products are continuously removed is called a FUEL CELL. Any cell process involves the consumption of some materials and the production of others, but in a conventional (nonfiiel) cell, the reactants are part of the cell when it is built and they are not replenished, or, in a storage cell, they are periodically replenished by reversing the current. The only satisfactory fuel cells thus far developed require the expensive and cumbersome as fuel, and they have been used only in special situations where cost is secondary, notably in space vehicles and military equipment. A fuel cell that would bum petroleum products would be of enormous value—it might supersede the internal-combustion engine—and such cells have been built, but they have not reached the stage of practical application. 

Hilyard, J., ed. 2010. International Petroleum Encyclopedia. Tulsa PennWell. Published annually by PennWell. Provides world coverage by geographic regions of the year s activities in petroleum and natural gas. Figures for each country include refining capacity, oil production, oil reserves, and gas reserves. Key statistics are provided, and statistical tables cover oil production and consumption, oil refining, natural gas, and petroleum prices. Historical... 

Although many polycyclic hydrocarbons have been identified, only a few are produced and used conunercially. These generally include the simpler compounds, such as naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and phenan-threne. In the USA, commercial production of petroleum naphthalene was 4.9 X 10 metric tons in 1976, compared with 4.7 and 6.5 X 10 metric tons for 1980 and 1981, respectively (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1960-81). This represented 8-10% of total crude naphthalene production. In Canada, the corresponding consumption was 0.04-0.07 X 10 metric tons for the same time period (Statistics Canada, 1960-80). Naphthalene is used in the manufacture of chemicals such as solvents, lubricants, and dyes. It is also employed as a moth repellent, insecticide, vermicide, anthelmintic, and intestinal antiseptic, and as a feedstock chemical for the synthesis of phthalic anhydride. 

The implications of switching chemical manufacture from its current reliance on nonrenewable fossil fuel feedstocks to utilization of renewable, plant-derived feedstocks is considerable. The U.S. chemical industry currently uses 5 quads (1 quad = 1 x 10 British thermal units) of carbon for manufacture of organic chemicals. If these 5 quads of carbon were derived from renewable feedstocks, a net consumption of CO2 would be realized, given that the polyols used as starting materials are biosynthesized by plants from CO2 and are essentially immobilized forms of CO2. Since international treaties eventually require reductions in CO2 emissions in the United States, large-scale consumption of CO2 to make chemicals may be used as a credit to offset CO2 emissions resulting from combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity and combustion of petroleum-based transportation fuels. 

It is no secret that the worldwide energy consumption is growing year by year. Petroleum currently represents 33% of the total world energy supply (International Energy Agency, 2010) and by far is the most commonly used source of liquid fuels. 

SOLUTION (a) First we need to calculate the amount of energy produced by the consumption of 3 million m of petroleum, as approximated by octane. This value can be found with the enthalpy of reaction. As you will recall, enthalpy is a constmcted property that is useful to characterize the energy for processes in closed systems at constant pressure because it accounts for both the change in internal energy and the Pv work needed to move the system boundary. 

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