Petroleum consumption

EJ = 0.9488 X 10 Btu. Assumes market incentives of 2 /kWh on fossil fuel-based electricity generation, 2.00/10 Btu on direct coal and petroleum consumption, and 1.00/10 Btu on direct natural gas consumption. 

In the free market, as long as petroleum supplies are plentiful, there is little incentive for oil companies to transition to any of the alternative fuels, which is a major reason that the U.S. Department of Energy projects petroleum consumption will rise from 18.6 million barrels per day in 1997 to 22.5-26.8 million barrels by 2020. As the crude oil resei ves dwindle, the... 

United States and the world (Figure 1), despite perceptions that it has been replaced by other sources. In 1997 production ofboth coal (23.2 quadrillion Btus, or about 4.6 billion barrels of oil) and natural gas (19.5 quadrillion Btus, or about 3.9 billion barrels of oil) on an energy equivalent basis exceeded U.S. domestic oil production (13.6 quadrillion Btus, equivalent to about 2.7 billion barrels, or 3.1 billion barrels of oil if natural gas liquids are included). Coal production in the United States nearly doubled from 1970 to 2000 (from about 600 million tons to about 1 billion tons produced annually). Meanwhile, petroleum consumption at 18.6 million barrels of oil per day is near the all-time high of 18.8 million barrels of oil per day in 1978. Net U.S. petroleum imports (8.9 million barrels of oil per day) in 1997 were worth 67 billion and exceeded U.S. petroleum production (8.3 million... 

S cc also Catalysts Combustion Gasoline and Additives Heat and Heating Petroleum Consumption Refineries Refining, History of. 

The growth of petroleum consumption has been quite substantial as a result of increasing demand for its distillation products. As examples, mention may be made of use of gasoline as a motor fuel, of light oil for diesel engines, of distillate and residual oils for industrial and domestic heating. 

The transportation segment of the U.S. economy relies heavily on petroleum, accounting for more than two-thirds of all the oil used in the nation [1]. More than 50% of the total petroleum consumption in the United States is imported and this percentage is projected to increase to about 60% by 2025 [2], It is clearly essential that technology options, complemented by policy approaches, to the petroleum-based transportation system be developed and successfully commercialized to transform the transportation infrastructure in the United States. 

Germany s synthetic petroleum industry never reached these goals, but production increased dramatically under the Four Year Plan. In 1933, only three small synthetic petroleum plants (Ludwigshafen-Oppau, Leuna, Ruhrchemie-Sterkrade-Holten) were operating, the last a Fischer-Tropsch plant. At that time, Germany s petroleum consumption was about one-half of Great Britain s, one-fourth of Russia s, and one-twentieth that of the... 

Thus they not only minimized the ash disposal problem at coalburning power plants but had reduced substantially the primary contributor to air pollution. (48) By 1966, because of favorable technical and economic analyses and a continually deteriorating balance between petroleum consumption and domestic production, Spencer decided to expand its program. (49)... 

Gerard, D. 2007. Materials and materials challenges for advanced automotive technologies being developed to reduce global petroleum consumption. MS TV7 Abstract Book, 161. ASM IMS. 

Direct burning 100 2 About 2% of total petroleum consumption. Displaces heavy oil for reprocessing. Substitute for heavy oil. 

Gasification 60 5 Site specific (low energy density). Perhaps 1% of total petroleum consumption. Some demonstration justified. 

Liquefaction (Chemical routes) 40 10-12 Resource limited to less than 3% of total petroleum consumption based on current Inventory of suitable energy plantation land. Some R D justified (but wood cost Is about one-half of liquid fuel cost)... 

Based on currently proven energy plantation area In Ontario of about 500,000 hectares and poplar yields of about 9 oven-dry tonnes per hectare per year (about 4 oven-dry tons per acre per year) plus about one million tonnes per year of wood residues. These feedstock quantities would produce about 2-3% of the total petroleum consumption. Some additional production is possible by expansion of the energy plantation area. (An additional one and one-half million hectares would increase the percentage liquid fuel production to about 8-10%.)... 

Gasification represents the next most energy efficient use of wood, and is estimated to have a potential to replace about 1% of the total petroleum consumption, since the low energy density of the gas requires site-specific use. 

Liquefaction is the least energy efficient mode of use of wood. For the Ontario case, based on conversion of about 10 tonnes/year of wood and 500,000 hectares of poplar energy plantation (9 tonnes/hectare/year), liquefaction has the potential to replace about 2-3% of the liquid petroleum consumption of Ontario. Given the availability of a further 1.5 x 10 hectares of suitable land, the potential would increase to about 8-10%. 

Gasification of wood has a potential to replace about 1% of the total petroleum consumption of Ontario. 

World petroleum consumption will rise from 40 to 100 million barrels per day. 

The committee s analysis generally is based on the assumption that critical technology development programs will be successful. The committee needed estimates of what might possibly be achieved with concerted research and development in order to determine the impact on petroleum consumption and C02 emissions of an optimistic but plausible future. The committee is not predicting that the requisite research and development will be pursued, or that all of these technical advances necessarily will be achieved, even with a concerted R D program. The committee simply needed a framework for its further analysis. If the research... 

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