Shale oil Paraho

The first feedstock studied under this contract was Paraho shale oil. In a series of recent papers (1-4) and a DOE report (5 ), three basic shale oil processing routes for the production of transportation fuels were studied hydrotreating followed by hydrocracking, hydrotreating followed by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), and severe coking followed by hydrotreating. 

Frumkin, H. A. Owens, E. J. and Sutherland, R. B., "Alternative Refining Routes for Refining Paraho Shale Oil," Chemical Engineering Progress, September 1979, 75 (9) pp 64-72. 

C. E. and Frumkin, H. A., "Refining and Upgrading of Synfuels from Coal and Oil Shales by Advanced Catalytic Processes, First Interim Report, Processing of Paraho Shale Oil," DOE Report No. FE-2315-25, April 1978. 

Paraho shale oil has about TO vol of 650F+ material. (3) Totally 650F+ material. 

Reaction Parameter Studies. Experiments were carried out with conventional shale oil [direct retorted Paraho shale oil) for the purpose of studying the effects of reaction parameters in hydrotreating under supercritical conditions. In one group of experiments, the space velocity was varied (1.6, 3.2, and 5)... 

The use of a non-aromatic solvent as the supercritical hydrotreating solvent was studied first with Arabian topped crude and then with Paraho shale oil in hope of reducing hydrogen consumption. The results are tabulated in Tables IV and VI. 

Raw Paraho Shale Oil Indo-Malaysian Petroleum Gulf 6 Petroleum... 

Figure 1. Normalized carbon to hydrogen atomic ratios of fuel residues during equilibrium batch distillation of Gulf Coast No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, Indo-Malaysian No. 6 petroleum fuel oil, and Raw Paraho shale oil.

Figure 3. Nitrogen evolution from pyrolysing 150 /im droplet arrays of Raw Paraho shale oil.

H-Coal, and EDS middle distillates, and hydrotreated Paraho shale oil residual were tested in a subscale 5-inch diameter, staged rich-lean combustor at conditions representative of baseload and part power settings of 30-MW utility combustion turbine. A minimum NO emission level corrected to 15% oxygen of approximately 35 ppmv was attained for all the fuels despite fuel bound nitrogen levels of up to 0.8 percent by weight. 

Figure 5. Flow diagram of proposed hydrotreating/FCC refinery for Paraho shale oil. Ch is butanes and lighter use for H2 plant feed, gasoline blending, and refinery fuel Foul gas and water are treated to recover NHS ana sulfur. Low-pressure catalytic reformer uses bimetallic catalyst.

Kunchal, S. K. Coking and Hydrotreating Studies of Paraho Shale Oil, ... 

Using the assumptions outlined above, an estimate of hydrogen requirements for heteroatom removal can be made. This estimate is shown in Table IV. This particular shale oil is, in fact, the Paraho shale oil (direct heated mode) which was hydrotreated for the U.S. Navy by The Standard Oil Company (Ohio). Results from hydrotreating tests on this oil were reported by Robinson (3). The hydrotreater was said to add about 1,600 SCF per barrel of shale oil feed (12.05 kmol/m3). However, complete heteroatom removal was not achieved during hydrotreating. The composition of the hydrotreated whole shale oil was reported as ... 

ESTIMATED HYDROGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR HETEROATOM REMOVAL FROM PARAHO SHALE OIL (DIRECT HEATED MODE)... 

Mansour, M. N., Jones, D. G., "Emission Characteristics of Paraho Shale Oil as Tested in a Utility Boiler, Electric Power Research Institute Report AF-709, March 1978. 

In this chapter we will describe some of our initial evaluation work on Paraho shale oil. This initial evaluation was not performed in depth rather, this first step consisted of chemical characterizations and high-spot, bench-scale processing of oil shale and several other syncrudes for direct comparisons of chemical feedstocks potential. Conventional analytical and petroleum processing techniques were used in the expectation that these would provide reference data on which to base specifically adapted techniques for evaluations of individual syncrudes. The results represent only our first attempts and except for occasional comparisons, are only for Paraho shale oil. 

The following summarizes the yields estimated in this way for Paraho shale oil (in wt % ) olefins (ethylene, propylene, butadiene, 12.2 BTX, 23.5 fuels (including methane), 39.8 coke, 18.3 and hydrogen consumption (net), 0.9. No internal fuel requirements are reflected in these yields. The 36% yield to olefins and BTX could probably be increased significantly by further work, especially on steam pyrolysis to olefins. A bench mark is given in Ref. 8 for a hypothetical petrochemical refinery operated to obtain a 60% yield of BTX and olefins from petroleum. 

The vacuum distillate from Paraho shale oil crude was separated on silica gel into three fractions - saturate, aromatic, and polar. The carbon-13 NMR spectra indicated that these fractions contained 58, 15 and 36 percent,... 

Separation of Vacuum Distillate. Paraho shale oil was distilled at atmospheric pressure to an end point of 300°C. A second cut was obtained by continuing the distillation at reduced pressure, 40 mm Hg. This vacuum distillate, with an end point of 300°C, was used in the studies described below. 

Crude Shale Oil. The whole crude prior to thermal stress contained about 18 percent material in the JP-5 boiling range. This range was set for purposes of this experiment as the midpoint between the GC retention times for n-octane and n-nonane through the midpoint between the retention times for n-hexa-decane and n-heptadecane. Pyrolysis increased the JP-5 content irrespective of pyrolysis time. Table III shows that the yields of JP-5 were about the same for all stress times and that at least 24% was attained for all stress times. Thus, pyrolysis of Paraho shale oil at 450°C affords good yields of JP-5. 

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