Bench marking

The program storage requirements will depend somewhat on the computer and FORTRAN compiler involved. The execution times can be corrected approximately to those for other computer systems by use of factors based upon bench-mark programs representative of floating point manipulations. For example, execution times on a CDC 6600 would be less by a factor of roughly 4 than those given in the tcible and on a CDC 7600 less by a factor of roughly 24. 

R. A. Smith and R. B. Alexander, Evidencefor Acid-Precipitation Induced Trends in Stream Chemistry at Hydrologic Bench-Mark Stations, E.S. Geological Survey... 

The geometry of modern semiconductor devices is continuously shrinking and will soon reach the 0.20 im bench mark, with great increase in speed and efficiency. To accomplish this goal requires major advances in materials and fabrication processes. Many obstacles remain and one of the most critical is that of solid-state diffusion and the development of diffusion barriers. OPO]... 

The purpose of this paper Is 1) to describe the electrochemistry of ferrl-/ferro-cyanlde and the oxidation of ascorbic at an activated glassy carbon electrode which Is prepared by polishing the surface with alumina and followed only by thorough sonlcatlon 2) to describe experimental criteria used to bench-mark the presence of an activated electrode surface and 3) to present a preliminary description of the mechanism of the activation. The latter results from a synergistic Interpretation of the chemical, electrochemical and surface spectroscopic probes of the activated surface. Although the porous layer may be Important, Its role will be considered elsewhere. 

The Horwitz relationship agrees with the experience of analysts and has been confirmed in various fields of trace analysis, not only in its qualitative form but also quantitatively. Thompson et al. [2004] have estimated the mathematical form of the Horwitz functiontextscHorwitz function being sH = 0.02 x0,85, or linearized, logs = 0.85 log x. The agreement of this equation is usually good and, therefore, the Horwitz functiontextscHorwitz function is sometimes used as a bench-mark for the performance of analytical methods. For this purpose, the so-called Horrat (Horwitz ratio) has been defined, Horrat = sactuai/sHy by which the actual standard deviation is compared with the estimate of the Horwitz function. Serious deviations... 

In tensile testing of rubber, elongation is the increase in the distance between bench marks on a dumbbell strip or the distance apart of the grips holding a ring test piece, on the application of a load to the test sample. It is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the marks. 

The elongation remaining after a rubber test piece has been stretched for a given time and allowed to rest for a given time it is expressed as a percentage of the original distance between the bench marks. The term permanent set (correctly, permanent set in tension) is still popularly used to denote tension set, see standard BS903-A5. 

Small, rigid chiral molecules, such as methyl-substituted oxiranes147, thiiranes148 and aziridines149,150, have attracted much attention for VOA studies since they have a potential for serving as a bench mark for rigorous theoretical investigations. Thus the... 

Dendritic polymeric supports or hybrids of these with solid-phase resins are among the most promising candidates for new high-loading supports in organic synthesis and catalysis. However, every new polymeric support has to compete with the current bench mark, the so-called Merrifield resin and its derivatives. 

Although there are some important differences between what we describe as 3-connected aluminium sites in our bb-matrices and what the active sites are thought to be in zeolites, we have begun a preliminary study of the activities of the Al, Ti and V-containing bb-catalysts as solid acid catalysts in the dehydration of alcohols. For this type of bench marking reaction, there are two parameters that can be used as preliminary indicators of catalytic activity lightoff temperatures and product selectivity. A plot of conversion versus temperature produces what is known as a lightoff curve. The temperature at which 50% of the maximum... 

Despite rapid progress in iminium ion catalysis it is still a maturing field and significant challenges remain if it is to become a bench-mark method of choice. The... 

Hence the notion of a hierarchy of preferences depends, if I am right, on the notion of an asymmetric distribution of the capacity to have second-order intentions. If my day-time self and my night-time self were both able to behave strategically toward the other, we could not decide which of them to use as a bench-mark. There would be two sets of meta-rankings. However, once we have firmly identified the person with one of the selves, on the basis of that seifs unique capacity to form higher-order intentions about the other, we can use the preferences of that self to construct the meta-ranking of the person. 

Elastic modulus was measured by a dynamic method at 160 °C. on samples with 2-inch bench marks elongated at a constant rate of 100% per minute. The stress at strains of 25, 50, 75, and 100% was used to calculate Youngs modulus. Elongation at rupture at 160°C. was measured at the same relative rate of elongation, the mean of four measure-... 

Complete Cl, or full Cl, is configuration interaction with a configuration list which includes all possible configurations of proper spin and space symmetry in the chosen orbital space. As has been mentioned previously, the number of configurations in complete Cl will depend in an n-factorial way on the number of electrons and the number of orbitals and it will therefore quickly become too large to be handled. This method is therefore not very well suited as a standard model to solve quantum chemical problems. There are, however, two situations where an efficient complete Cl method is useful to have. The first of these is in connection with the CASSCF method which has been described in another chapter. The other is in connection with bench mark tests. Since any other Cl method selects configurations after some principle, a comparison to complete Cl is the way to check these principles out. We will therefore in this section briefly outline the main steps in the complete Cl method as it is carried out today. 

Creep tests in uniaxial tension were made at 11 temperatures between —70° and 75°C on strips which were cut 1.27-cm wide, 0.12-cm thick, and 20.0-cm long from a sheet cast from benzene solution. The distance between the grips was 19.0 cm. Bench marks were placed 15.0 cm apart. Displacements were read from the bench marks using a power driven cathetometer of 0.0002-cm sensitivity. The creep tests covered a minimum range of about four decades of time beginning at 10 seconds. The measurements were repeated at 15°, 30°, 40°, and 50°C on a second sheet, also cast from benzene solution. Measurements derived... 

At the time, this application provided a powerful benchmark for the use of LC/MS-based methods in the pharmaceutical industry. This particular assay successfully supported several clinical studies with sensitive and reliable results. This performance was bench-marked on more than 4000 clinical samples and led to a wider scope of application and the development of routine, standard methods for quantitative bioanalysis. 

Bench marks Marks of known separation applied to a specimen and used to measure strain. 

Chiou, C.T., Freed, V.H. (1977) Chemodynamics Studies on Bench Mark Industrial Chemicals. NSF/RA-770286. National Science Foundation, Washington D.C. 

Spencer, E.Y. (1976) Vapor pressure and vapor loss. In A Literature Survey of Bench-mark Pesticides. Medical Center, Dept, of Medical and Public Affairs, Science Communication Division, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. 

Some progress has been made, particularly with the ruthenium complex-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation [56] For tert-butyl methyl ketone as the first purely aliphatic ketone the bench mark of 90 % ee has been crossed by application of the oxazolinylferrocenylphosphine 28 the transfer hydrogenation by isopropanol under reflux in the presence of sodium hydroxide resulted in 93 % ee (S)-3,3-dimethyl-butan-2-ol [57]. For alkyl aryl ketones 92-95 % ee is obtained with... 

As before, the enzymatic reduction is the method of choice for the enantioselective reduction of purely aliphatic ketones and only in the case of fert-butyl methyl ketone could the bench mark of 90 % ee be crossed by the transfer hydrogenation and both other catalytic hydrogenation methods. However, substantial success in the hydrogenation of aromatic ketones by transition metal complexes with respect to the enantioselectivity and the activity (TON) strengthens the confidence that further progress is possible, enabling us to use some advantages of these nonenzymatic processes for extended application in the near future, for example in the facilitation of product isolation. 

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