Personal Care Industry

Human skin is the outer layer of the body, that covers and protects it from any exposure to the surroundings (wind or rain, etc.). The natural substances that compose the skin are very elaborate and complex. Further, the composition of the skin changes with age, and is different for different people. This also true for the animal world. 

The skin barrier properties and effect of hand hygiene practices are known to be important in protecting the body. The average adult has a skin area of about 1.75 m2. The superficial part of the skin, the epidermis, has five layers. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer, is composed of flattened dead cells (comeocytes or squames) attached to each other to form a tough, homy layer of keratin mixed with several lipids, which help maintain the hydration, pliability, and barrier effectiveness of the skin. This part of skin has been compared to a wall of bricks (comeocytes) and mortar (lipids) and serves as the primary protective barrier. Approximately 15 layers make up the stratum corneum, which is completely replaced every 2 weeks a new layer is formed almost daily. From healthy skin, approximately 107 particles are disseminated into the air each day, and 10% of these skin squames contain viable bacteria. This is a source of major dirt inside the house and contributes to many interactions. 

Besides covering and protecting the body, the other function of the skin are regulation of the body temperature (ca. 37°C) and also controlling penetration of the body by sunlight, liquids, solid materials, etc. The human skin is composed of four layers of different tissue  

In the latter region, latter sensory nerves, blood vessels, and sweat glands are located. Here, a fatty substance called sebum is produced, which coats, lubricates, and keeps other molecules from passing through the skin. This also has an effect on the water loss from the body. If for some reason, the outer part of skin is damaged, then special creams and ointments to repair it are available commercially. These are described in the following subsection. 

---

Betaines, or specialty quaternaries, are used in the personal care industry in shampoos, conditioners, foaming, and wetting agents. 

Floyd, D. T. Silicone Surfactants Applications in the Personal Care Industry. In Silicone Surfactants Hill, R. M., Ed. Surfactant Science... 

Cleansing-Agent and Personal-Care Industries Pharmaceutical Industry Animal-Feed Industry Analytical Applications... 

The MicroLuidizer high shear processor technology is widely used in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, digital ink, microelectronics, food, chemical, and personal care industries. 

Span surfactants are lipophilic and are generally soluble or dispersible in oil, forming water in oil emulsions. They are used for their excellent emulsification properties in personal care, industrial cleaning, fibre finish, crop protection, water treatment, paints and coatings, lubricant and other industrial applications. 

Some more specialised products for the personal care industry are given in Table 5.9. 

Floyd, D.T. (1999) Silicone surfactants applications in the personal care industry. Surfactant Sci. Ser., 86, 181-207. 

Quality assessment and the need for authentication are increasingly important features of the food and personal care industries. Yet, although there have been articles in journals and chapters in books which have described techniques of authentication, a book devoted entirely to this subject has not previously been available. 

Emulsions are the most commonly used type of formulation in the food, paint, and personal care industries. The typical emulsions... 

Personal care and cosmetics are important markets for silicones, and have achieved a high degree of market penetration during the last 25 years. Total sales of silicones in the personal care industry are estimated to be between 21 (X)0 and 23 000 tons/y. 

Uses have been found for 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (a by-product of the preparation of 1,4-butanediol) in the personal care industry.221... 

The personal care industry remains traditionally the largest consumer of soaps depending on the region, from 50 to 75 % of the total surfactant consumption accounts for soaps [81], The increase in body shampoo consumption last decades is assumed to alter the soap market slightly. The consumption rate of soap in household and laundry aids is quite modest now and limited essentially by the "old times" detergents, foam-control additives, chlorine-containing alkali cleaners, and metal cutting oils. The sodium salts of rosin acids and wool wax acids are of some importance for technical needs and bar soaps. 

CDs have special properties dependant on their molecular structures. For instance, their hydrophobic cavities can encapsulate organic and inorganic molecules with smaller molecular size to form various inclusion compounds in liquid- or sohd-state forms [3] while their hydrophilic shells can generate noninclusion complexes with larger molecular guests, such as amylose molecules and enzyme molecules [4,5]. Mainly based on the formation of the two kinds of complexes, CDs are widely used in many areas, including foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care industries. 

Fatty adds are predominantly used as intermediates. Main applieations are water soluble soaps for household eleaning, personal care, industrial and institutional (I I) cleaning and synthetic rubber manufacturing by emulsion polymerization. Soaps are made by reaction of fatty acids with caustic alkalis, alkali carbonate or ammonia or (>90%) by direct saponification of the triglyceride oil. Another important group of fatty add soaps are dry, water-insoluble metal soaps used as lubricants or stabilizers for PVC and other plastics and aqueous calcium stearate dispersions applied as paper coating... 

Uses Thickener, suspending agent, dispersant, emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care, industrial applies. emulsion stabilizer... 

Rhoda Home, Personal Care, Industrial Ing-eds. (HPCII), 259 Prospect Plains Rd., CN 7500, Cranbury, NJ, 08512-7500, USA (Tel 609-860-4000 888-776-7337 FTtX 609-860-0458 E-mail hpcii us.rhodia.com Internet wvm.rhodia-hpcii.com)... 

Rhodia Home, Personal Care, Industrial Ingredients (France), 40, me de la... 

Definition Polymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ether of pentaerythritol Properties Wh. fluffy powd., si. char, odor when neutralized with alkali hydroxides or with amines, dissolves in water, alcohol, and glycerin m.w. nominally 1,250,000 vise. 4000-11,000 cps (0.5% aq. disp.) pH 3 (1% disp.) anionic Toxicology No known toxicity TSCA listed Storage Hygroscopic preserve in tight containers Uses Thickener, suspending agent, dispersant, emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal care, industrial applies. emulsion stabilizer... 

Uses Emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent for personal care, industrial cleaning, metal degreasing, textiles (dye assistant, wool scouring) sulfation feedstock Trade Name Synonyms Biodac 510 [Sasol Italy] Carsonon D-5 t[Lonza http //www.ionza.com]] Nonionic ID-5 t[Lambent Tech. http //www.petroferm.com]] Synperonic 10/5-90% [Uniqema Am. http //www.uniqema.com]] Synperonic 10/5-100% [Uniqema Uniqema Am. http //www.uniqema.com]... 

---