Pheromone Formulations

Rauscher, S. and Am, H. (1990). Field tests to develop a sex pheromone formulation for Hyphantria cunea in Northern Italy. Abstracts, Pheromones in Mediterranean Pest Management, L Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique/ Section Regionale Ouest Palearctique, Granada, Spain, Sept. 10-15,1990. p.43. 

Bioassay wt = wind tunnel, f = field traps. Other issues chem = pheromone chemistry, mult = multi-species lures, cr = cross attraction, seas = seasonal patterns, tp = trapping parameters such as height, type, pheromone dose, pheromone formulation/aging, or host-related synergist, wh = warehouse environment. 

Significant features of each company s system are 1) the method (or formulation) used to release the synthetic chemical disruptant into the atmosphere, and 2) the equipment and adjunct material for applying the pheromonal formulation to the crop requiring protection. 

Monitoring the Performance of Eastern Spruce Budworm Pheromone Formulations... 

Hall DR, Nesbitt BF, Marrs GJ, (ireen ASJ, Campion DG, Critchley BR. 1982 Development of microencapsulated pheromone formulations, pp. 131-143 in Insect pheromone technology chemistry and applications. ACS Symp Scr 190, Washington DC. 

From the standpoint of physicochemical measurements, family and isothermal plots are useful for the determination of vapor pressures (and, in addition, recalling Equations 13 and 16, heats of vaporization as well) from the retention data obtained from just a few chromatographic runs (33). Furthermore, the GC technique is ideally suited to instances in which the solutes are available only in minute quantities or are substantially impure, where each of these constraints ordinarily precludes bulk vapor-pressure measurements by conventional static procedures. For example, Heath and Tumlinson (34) employed log(retention) plots to determine the vapor pressures of trace acetate ingredients used in pheromone formulations. An important aspect of their work was that family correlations were obtained with a chiral-nematic stationary phase, cholesteryl p-chlorocinnamate. 

Ilichev, A.L. Stelinski, L.L. Williams, D.G. Gut, L.J. Sprayable microencapsulated sex pheromone formulation for mating disruption of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in Australian peach and pear orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 99(6), 2048-2054, 2006. 

The crude synthetic pheromone 6 was tested under field conditions. The field traps were made from plastic pipe 6 cm in diameter and wire mesh they were oriented horizontally and permitted wind to pass through. They had funnels formed from wire mesh on the downwind end, which allowed the attracted beetles to enter but which prevented escape. The traps were baited inside either with the pheromone (formulated at 500 /ig per rubber septum), fermenting whole-wheat bread dough (a very effective attractant for C. lugubris 20 g per trap), or a combination of these baits. A piece of screen... 

Satisfactory formulations of pheromones that afford a constant release rate over a long period of time are not likely to be achieved without the cooperation of the chemical industry. Controlled release of pheromones is discussed in the Proceedings of a recent symposium (623). Fortunately, several organizations in the U. S. have been interested in the possibilities of the use of pheromone formulations on a commercial basis. One company (605) has supplied formulations for several investigators, and in addition has carried out extensive field tests with their own personnel. It has developed the use of hollow fibers, which are simply microcapillary reservoirs that serve to contain a vaporizable material and mediate evaporation of the material into the atmosphere . The fiber wall is essentially impermeable. One end is sealed, and the release rate essentially depends on diffusion from the surface of the liquid-vapor interface to the open end of the hollow fiber. Fibers are supplied in two forms. A tape form consists of a parallel array of fibers on an adhesive tape this form is used to establish point-source evaporators. The chopped fiber form is used for dissemination with a ground rig or from the air. 

Brooks, T. W., and R. Kitterman Controlled release of insect pheromone formulations based on hollow fibers, and methods of applications. Paper presented at the June 26—29, 1977 meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Available from Conrel Co., 110 A. St., Needham Hts., MA 02194. 1977. 

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