Moth, codling

Rya.nia., The root and stem of the plant yania speciosa family Flacourtiaceae, native to South America, contain from 0.16—0.2% of iasecticidal components, the most important of which is the alkaloid ryanodine [15662-33-9] C25H250 N (8) (mp 219—220°C). This compound is effective as both a contact and a stomach poison. Ryanodine is soluble ia water, methyl alcohol, and most organic solvents but not ia petroleum oils. It is more stable to the action of air and light than pyrethmm or rotenone and has considerable residual action. Ryania has an oral LD q to the rat of 750 mg/kg. The material has shown considerable promise ia the control of the European com borer and codling moth and is used as a wettable powder of ground stems or as a methanohc extract. Ryanodine uncouples the ATP—ADP actomyosia cycle of striated muscle. 

Mass releases of sterile male insects have produced dramatic reductions in the populations of the Mediteranean fmit dy Ceratitis capitata in California beginning in 1981 when 40 million sterile dies were released weekly and in the codling moth Cjdiapomonella in isolated apple orchards in the Pacific Northwest. 

Phenazine-l-carboxamide (137) is known as oxychlororaphine and has been isolated from cultures of Pseudomonas chlororaphisit has some limited inhibitory properties, but the inhibitory action of phenazines is generally disappointing. Some phenazine derivatives have insecticidal properties thus, phenazine itself has been found to be toxic to the clothes moth, the Hawaiian beet webworm, the rice weevil and larva of the codling moth, but under trial conditions its toxicity to plant material, as evidenced by severe burning of foliage, was found to be too high to make it of practical value. 

Diene alcohol (38) is the pheromone of the codling moth, tlie creature responsible for the grubs in apples, and of the various possible disconnections (a) is best as it gives most simplification and a stabilised ylid (39) which will produce the requi red trans double bond. Allylic bromide (40) and aldehyde-ester (41) are available,... 

The compound shown below is a constituent of the pheromone of the codling moth. It has been synthesized using u-propyl bromide, propyne, 1-pentyne,... 

Avilla, J. Teixido, A. Velasquez, C. Alvarenga, N. Ferro, E. Canela, R. Insecticidal activity of Maytenus species (Celastraceae) nortriterpene quinone methide against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 88-92. 

The estimated cost of protecting apples from codling moth is 25,000,000—it permits marketing a crop with an average annual value (1931-35) of 110,000,000. Without control the crop would be largely unmarketable. 

The widespread use of economic poisons has a definite impact on the animal complex on the face of the earth which provides our sustenance. Already we have seen the use of DDT for codling moth control on apples result in a relatively minor pest becoming a serious threat. The same material used as a wonder spray for fly control now fails, after a couple years of common usage, with the appearance of new, resistant strains of flies. Bees and other pollinating insects as well as helpful predators or parasites may be decimated and their important aid be lost by untimely or improper use of most of the newer insecticides. 

Selocide is not compatible with acid lead arsenate (PbHAs04) under normal spray program conditions, but is compatible with cryolite (NasAIFe) (5). Selocide is compatible with DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane] and has been used with DDT for the control of mites and Codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella L., during the 1947 and 1948 growing seasons. 

Table VII. There was no significant difference between the potency of o-chloro-fluorobenzene and p-bromofluorobenzene toward codling moth larvae, but o-bromo-fluorobenzene and p-chlorofluorobenzene must be tested to determine whether the detectable difference is due to the difference in halogen substitution or to position isomerism.

This compound, used as 1 % aqueous solution of sodium salt, was toxic to moth and highly toxic to codling moth. 

Pheromones Multiple products Codling moth, oriental fruit moth Various fruits and vegetables Insecticide... 

An alternative approach to the synthesis of 1,3-dienes is by elimination of benzene-sulphinic acid from homoallylic sulphones under basic conditions. This method has been used for the synthesis of a pheromone constituent of the codling moth (equation 67)109. 

A pair of meadowlarks, for example, may feed their nestlings up to 10,000 grasshoppers, plus many other kinds of bugs. Aphids and codling moth pupae are favorite winter foods for several bird species. Clusters of aphids left on strong, established plants that can tolerate them will make a "nursery" for parasitic wasps and predators to feed and breed on. So give nature a chance before you take action against a pest attack you may find that the job has been done for you. 

The earwig can be a pest in some situations, but it is also a useful predator, particularly of apple pests such as codling moth and aphids. Earwigs lay eggs in the soil in late winter, which hatch in early spring. There may be a second generation. 

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