Protectant fungicides

Despite many years of intensive breeding research, no existing cultivars of European or North American potatoes allow commercial cultivation in humid regions without fungicide protection (1). At best, farmers can choose cultivars with a moderate level of general resistance (i.e., Sebago) which are protected by fewer applications... 

Uses Film preservative for min. stucco, silicate stucco, and roofing prods. Features Solv.-free color-stable stable to 100 C offers extra fungicidal protection... 

Uses Locally systemic fungicide (protectant, eradicant, curative) for agric. use Regulatory SARA reportable Trade Name Synonyms Triforine EC t[Am. 

Table 4 Fungicides protecting nonmetal materials from mold fungi... 

CioHgC NOiS. A protective non-systemic fungicide used principally for the control of potato blight. M.p. 160-161 C. It is relatively non-toxic to most animal life although it is harmful to hsh. 

C<5Cl402. A fungicide mainly used as a seed protectant. Yellow crystals, m.p. 290" C. 

Crop Protection Cbemic ls. Ben2otrifluoride derivatives have gained wide acceptance as herbicides, iasecticides, and fungicides (Table 10). 

PERFLUOROALKYLPYRIDINES New developments ia trifiuoromethylpyridine technology are associated with the commercialization of numerous crop-protection chemicals as herbicides, fungicides, and iasecticides (Table 15). Physical properties for representative trifiuoromethylpyridines are fisted ia Table 13. 

J. Dekker and S. G. Georgopoulos, eds.. Fungicide Resistance in Crop Protection, Centre for Agdcultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Nethedands, 1982. 

Between 1979 and 1991, the amounts of herbicide apphed in the United States have remained constant, but the expenditures on herbicides have increased 54%. Agricultural costs accounted for ah. of this increase and more, since herbicide user expenditures in the government/commercial and home sectors combined dropped 3 to 4% during that period. Increased weed control costs related to crop protection have also contributed to the 37% increase, since 1988, in total annual user expenditures for pesticides in general, ie, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. In the United States, agricultural uses (ca 1993) account for more than 67% of total pesticide user expenses and 75% of the quantity used annually. Herbicides are now the lea ding type of pesticides in terms of both user expenditures and volumes used (1). 

Sulfur and its compounds are among the oldest and most widely used pesticides. Elemental sulfur is especially effective as a dust for the control of mites attacking citms, cotton, and field crops and as a protectant against chiggers, Trombicula spp., attacking humans. Sulfur also is a valuable fungicidal diluent for other dust insecticides and is used in wettable form as a spray mixture. Time sulfur has been a standard dormant spray for the control of the San Jose Quadraspidiotuspemiciosus and for other scales and various plant diseases. Time sulfur is a water-soluble mixture of calcium pentasulfide,... 

Plant Protection. Lecithin (0.5—10%) and phosphohpid fractions ate used in fertilizers (qv), herbicides (qv), insecticides, and fungicides as emulsifiers or to increase the effectiveness of the active ingredient (45). In insecticides (0.5—5% lecithin), lecithin is used for improved emulsification, spreading, penetration, and adhesion (see Insectcontroltechnology). 

Prior to the 1990s phenyhnercuric acetate was the primary bactericide and fungicide in latex and waterborne paints. Because of the increasing concerns of mercury toxicity and the potential for high consumer and occupational exposures to mercury when present in paints, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) induced U.S. manufacturers of PMA and other mercury compounds to withdraw their registrations for use of these substances as biocides in paints (see AIercury). Mercury compounds are used only for very limited, specific purposes, such as the use of phenyhnercuric mXx.2LX.e[55-68-5] as a bactericide in cosmetic eye preparations (see Cosmetics). 

The anhydride of 1,8-naphthalenedicarboxyHc acid has fungicidal properties (97). This anhydride has been commercially introduced, under the trade name Protect, as a seed treatment (eg, for com) to prevent injury to the seed by thiocarbamate herbicides. The effectiveness of the antidote 1,8-naphthaHc anhydride has also been successfully studied with several plants and herbicides (98,99). 

US. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Kodenticide Hct as Hmended, FIFRA as passed in 1947 amended as the Federal Environmental Pesticide ControlA.ct (1972), 540/09-89-012, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., rev. Oct. 1988. 

Zinc phosphate, Zn2(P0 2> forms the basis of a group of dental cements. Chromium and zinc phosphates are utilized in some metal-treating appHcations to provide corrosion protection and improved paint adhesion. Cobalt(II) phosphate octahydrate [10294-50-5] Co2(P0 2 8H20, is a lavender-colored substance used as a pigment in certain paints and ceramics. Copper phosphates exhibit bioactivity and are used as insecticides and fungicides. Zinc, lead, and silver phosphates are utilized in the production of specialty glasses. The phosphate salts of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, and Cu, are extremely water insoluble. 

Bunte salts have bacterial, insecticidal, and fungicidal properties, and are also used as chelating agents (qv) or surfactants (qv) (97,98). Bunte salts have been tested for preirradiation protection for mammals exposed to lethal radiation doses (99,100) (see Radioprotectiveagents). 

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