Fire blight control

Streptomycin when applied in a concentration range between 30 and 240 pg mL controlled fire blight and caused no phytotoxic effects on leaves and no fruit rus-setting [54, 55], and the antibiotic has been used in USA since 1955. In numerous orchard trials in the 1950s and 1960s the efficiency of streptomycin treatments for control of fire blight was determined. Because of its limited systemic activity, spray treatments should completely cover all possible infection sites, such as open flowers, shoots and leaves. For fire blight control streptomycin is also used in New Zealand, some European countries and Middle Eastern countries [49]. 

Highly resistant strains of M. tuberctdosis developed under in vitro conditions shortly after application of streptomydn to control tuberculosis [61]. Streptomycin-resistant strains of E. amylovora were first deteded in 1971 in pear orchards of California [62, 63]. Subsequently, streptomydn-resistant E. amylovora-strains were reported from areas where the antibiotic has been applied intensively for fire blight control, such as in several western states of the USA [64-66] and outside the USA, e.g., in Egypt [67] and in New Zealand [68]. 

The control of bacterial diseases with the currently available products Is very unsatisfactory. The problem has become urgent with the spread of fire blight (Erwlnla amylovora) In Europe, and the Increased Incidence of bacterial leaf blight of rice (Xanthomonas oryzae) and citrus canker (Xanthomonas cltrl) as well as many other bacterial diseases. The direct control of virus diseases Is cur-... 

Cause Fire blight. For more information and controls, see Leaves, flowers, and branches blackened on page 192. 

One approach in biological control is to make the pathogens sick. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, have been used experimentally to infecrand weaken the bacteria that cause bacterial wilt of tomatoes and fire blight on pears. 

Protection Offered Bordeaux mix acts as a fungicide with insecticidal and insect repellent properties. Use it to control common plant diseases like anthracnose, bacterial leaf spots and wilts, black spot, fire blight, peach leaf curl, powdery mildew, and rust. 

Van der Zwet, T. and Beer, S.V. (1995). Fire blight its nature, prevention and control. A practical guide to integrated disease management. Agric. Inf. Bull. 631, 91. 

Streptomycin is used to control bacterial plant diseases, such as fire blight. It may be used in combination with oxytetracycline and tetracycline. It has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis among agricultural workers [149]. 

Lindow SE, McGourty G, Elkins R (1996) Interactions of antibiotics with Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 in the control of fire blight and frost injury to pear. Phytopathology 86 841-848... 

Here is the point the SSRIs may well make us feel peppier in the daytime, but the cost is a blight on our sleep architecture that rivals the Russian bombardment of Grozny in Chechnya. True, the drugs don t kill innocent women and children, but they wreak such havoc with the eye movement control systems of the brain stem as to break down the walls between REM and NREM sleep. Like bombardment, the higher the dose fired on the brain, the greater the destruction of sleep architecture, until finally all of the walls come down ... 

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