Plant pathogens

Choi H.W. Kim Y.J. Lee S.C. Hong J.K. Hwang B.K. (2007) Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaP02 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens / / Plant Physiology. V. 145. P. 890-904. 

Kumar B, Yaduraju NT, Ahuja KN, Prasad D (1993) Effect of soil solarization on weeds and nematodes under tropical Indian conditions. Weed Res 33 423-429 Kurt S, Emir B (2004) Effect of soil solarization, chicken litter and viscera on populations of soilborne fungal pathogens. Plant Pathol J 3 118-124 Kyrikou I, Briassoulis D (2007) Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films a critical review. 

Sarwar M, Kirkegaard JA, Wong PTW, Desmarcheher JM (1998) Biofumigation potential of bras-sicas - III In vitro toxicity of isothiocyanates to soil-borne fungal pathogens. Plant Soil 201 103-112... 

Kristensen BK, Bloch H, Rasmussen SK (1999) Barley coleoptile peroxidases. Purification, molecular cloning, and induction by pathogens. Plant Physiol 120 501-512 Kubanek J, Jensen PR, Keifer PA, Sullards MC, Collins DO, Fenical W (2003) Seaweed resistance to microbial attack a targeted chemical defense against marine fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 6916-6921... 

Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic interactions, abiotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8 397 403 Torres MA, Jones JD, Dangl JL (2006) Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol 141 373-378... 

Intact plants are also suitable for cost-effective production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins providing products free of contaminations with endotoxins or human pathogens. Plants generally promote the proper fold of foreign proteins and post-translational modifications that are somehow similar to those of mammalian systems. Also, production of vaccine candidates in cereal seeds allows antigen protection from proteolysis which ensures their stability for a long period of time. 

The use of hairy roots for the production of biopharmaceuticals has been studied extensively and has been discussed in Chapter 1 of this book. To date, over 116 different plant species have been induced to produce hairy roots in culture (Guillon, 2006). Originally, an expression system was developed for protein production based on the natural secretion from roots of intact plants. In order to take up nutrients from the soil, interact with other soil organisms, and defend themselves against numerous pathogens, plant roots have developed sophisticated mechanisms based upon... 

Farmer, 2001). Even nectar production may be effected by such hormones (Heil et al, 2001). The gaseous hormone ethylene plays an important role in plant development, but also in defense (Mattoo and Suttle, 1991). Upon perception of a pathogen, plants show enhanced ethylene production, which has been shown to be involved in the induction of defense reactions (Boiler, 1991). Wild tobacco plants engineered with an Arabidopsis sp. ethylene-insensitive gene do not show typical leaf development arrestment in the presence of leaves of other tobacco plants, demonstrating the importance of ethylene in plant development (Knoester et al.,... 

In spite of the common mode of action, many other factors are significant for the successful use of individual azole compounds either for control of plant diseases or in the treatment of mycoses. Apart from the nature of the infection, the infection pressure, climatic conditions, the uptake of the fungicide by the plant, its transport and distribution within the plant, and plant compatibility are all important criteria in the complex interaction between pathogen, plant and fungicide. In medicine, high activity, good tolerance and optimal pharmacokinetic properties are prerequisites for therapeutic utility. 

Tierens, K.F.M.J., Thomma, B.P.H.J., Brouwer, M., Schmidt, J., Kistner, K., Porzel, A., Mauch-Mani, B., Cammue, B.P.A., Broekaert, W.F. Study of the role of antimicrobial glucosinolate-derived isothiocyantes in resistance of Arabidopsis to microbial pathogens. Plant Physiol 2001 4 1688-1699. 

Sturz, A.V., Christie, B.R., Matheson, B.G., Arsenault, W.J., Buchanan, N.A. Endophytic bacteria, antibiosis and community ecology in potato tubers, and implications for induced resistance against plant pathogens. Plant Pathol 1999 48 360-370. 

Various other selected examples of bioassays for some other pathogen-plant interactions are presented in Table 16.3. Detached leaf segments have been widely used to evaluate pathogenicity, host resistance genetics, and sensitivity to... 

Renault, A.S., Deloire, A., Bierne, J. (1996). Pathogenesis-related proteins in grapevines induced by salicylic acid and Botrytis cinerea. Vitis, 35, 49-52 Robert, N., Roche, K., Lebeau, Y., Breda, C., Boulay, M., Esnault, R., Buflfard, D. (2002). Expression of grapevine chitinase genes in berries and leaves infected by fungal or bacterial pathogens. Plant Sci., 162, 389-400... 

Reddy PV, Lam CK, Belanger FC. Mutualistic fungal endophytes express a proteinase that is homologous to proteases suspected to be important in fungal pathogenicity. Plant Physiol 111 1209-1218, 1996. 

Schardl CL, Liu J-S, White JF, Finkel RA, An Z, Siegel MR. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of nonpathogenic grass mycosymbionts and clavicipitaceous plant pathogens. Plant Syst Evol 178 27-41, 1991. 

Collinge, D.B. Slusarenko, A.J. "Plant gene expression in response to pathogens", Plant Molec. Biol., 1987, 9, 389-410. 

Gaulin, E., Bottin, A., and Dumas, B. (2010). Sterol bios5mthesis in oomycete pathogens. Plant Signal. Behav. 5, 258-260. 

Biosurfactants their identity and potential efficacy in the biological control of zoosporic plant pathogens. Plant Dis., 81, 4-12. 

Many sesquiterpenes are produced and accumulated by both plants and fungi. A variety of different types of biological activity is expressed. In plant pathogen-plant interactions, sesquiterpenes play both defensive and offensive roles. 

Cohen, Y.R. (2004) P-aminobutyric acid-induced resistance against plant pathogens. Plant Dis., 86 (5), 448-457. 

Mehdy, M.C. (1994) Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol., 105, 467-472. 

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