Plant pathogenic bacterial

Bacterial plant pathogens are usually identified by microscopic observation and comparison of the symptoms on the plant with published descriptions and photographs, but various rapid serological and molecular methods are now being developed for plant disease diagnosis.16,17... 

This chapter focuses on Wolbachia in filarial nematodes. EM studies have also revealed intracellular bacteria in other nematodes (e.g. Shepperd et al., 1973 Marti et al., 1995) and the bacterial endosymbionts of plant pathogenic nematodes belonging to the genus Xiphinema have recently been identified as belonging to the verrucomicrobia group (Vandekerckhove et al., 2000). However, most nematode bacteria are still to be identified. These may also play important roles in nematode biology. 

A syringolide 45, an elicitor of the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas Siringae pv. tomato, has been synthesized in five steps via a fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase reaction (Scheme 95) <2000JOC4529>. 

Syringolide 45 (Table 4) an elicitor of bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas Syringae pv, tomato, which triggers a hypersensitive defuse response in resistant soybean plants, has recently been synthesized <2000JOC4529>. 

Esposito, N., Ovchinnikova, O. G., Barone, A., Zoina, A., Holst, O., and Evidente, A. (2008). Host and non-host plant response to bacterial wilt in potato Role of the lipopolysacchar-ide isolated from Ralstonia solanacearum and molecular analysis of plant-pathogen interaction. Chem. Biodivers. 5, 2662-2675. 

Verbeme, M.C. Verpoorte, R. Bol, J.F. Mercado-Bianco, J. Linthorst, HJ.M. (2000) Overproduction of salicylic acid in plants by bacterial transgenes enhances pathogen resistance. Nature Biotechnol, 18, 779-83. 

Two examples have been chosen for discussion, i.e. the interactions of tomato with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and with Cladosporium fulvum, a bacterial and a fungal pathogen, respectively. These two plant pathogen interactions are among the few that have been characterized not only in genetic terms but also at the molecular and biochemical levels and they are thus well suited for a discussion of the fundamental principles. 

Urease (urea amidohydrolase) is an enzyme first identified over a hundred years ago in bacterial extracts [22], The presence of urease is a virulence factor for some pathogenic bacteria [23,24], It is now known to occur also in plants, fungi, and invertebrates (see [24,25] for reviews). Urease from jack bean was the first enzyme to be crystallized, in 1926. Almost 50 years later its metal content was reexamined and it was found to contain two atoms of nickel per subunit [26]. Finally in 1995 the crystal structure of the enzyme from the enteric bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes was determined [27], Amino-acid sequence comparisons predict that the structures of the plant and bacterial enzymes are similar, although with different subunit arrangements. 

Stapp, C., Bacterial Plant Pathogens, Oxford University Press, London, 1961. 

Protection Offered Copper is a broad-spectrum protectant fungicide used to protect vegetables, ornamentals, fruits, and nuts from plant pathogens. Use it in the garden to control anthracnose, bacterial leaf spot, black rot, blights, downy mildew, peach leaf curl, and Septoria leaf spot. 

Endocellulases have been isolated from plant pathogenic nematodes and four structural genes were cloned from two species [21]. AU of the ceUulase catalytic domains belong to family 5 and two of them also code for family II CBDs. The enzymes show 37 % identity in their amino acid sequence to several bacterial cellulases. 

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