Defense responses

Choi H.W. Kim Y.J. Lee S.C. Hong J.K. Hwang B.K. (2007) Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaP02 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens / / Plant Physiology. V. 145. P. 890-904. 

Shibuya N. Minami E. (2001) Oligosaccharide signaling for defense responses in plant / / Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. V. 59. P. 223-233. 

Proteinaceous phytochemicals can contain toxic epitopes that elicit defense responses for example gliaden and glutein peptides which cause celiac disease and other mucosal disorders (Tighe and Ciclitira, 1995 Van de Wal et al, 1999). The mucosal inflammation caused by feeding carnivorous Atlantic salmon diets with soybean meal decreases rates of nutrient absorption (Nordrum et al, 2000), whereas the detrimental influence of such diets is much less pronounced when fed to omnivorous fish, such as catfish and tilapia. 

Cervone, F., Hahn, M.G., De Lorenzo, G., DarviU, A., and Albersheim, P. (1989) Host-pathogen interactions XXXin. A plant protein converts a fungal pathogenesis factor into an eUcitor of plant defense responses. Plant Physiol. 90 542-548. 

Fig. 12. Tentative model of the signal transduction chain that links the perception of pectic fragments to defense responses in carrot cells. Abbreviations apy, heterotrimeric G protein CaM, calmodulin 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase CTX, cholera toxin FC, fusicoccine GDP-P-S and GTP-y-S, guanosine 5 -0-(2-thiodiphosphate) and guanosine 5 -0-(3-thiotriphosphate) IP3, 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase PLC, phospholipase C PR, pathogenesis related PTX, pertussis toxin Rc, receptor SP, staurosporine. Activation and inhibition are symbolized by + and -respectively.

The role of polygalacturonase in eliciting the plant defense responses... 

At a cellular and genetic level there are many similarities between self incompatibility and the incompatible defense response. The fact that proteins can work together to determine the outcome of an interaction suggest that PGIP could... 

Schouten A, G van den Berg, C Edel-Hermann, C Steinberg, N Gautheron, C Alabouvette, CH de Vos, P Lemanceau, JM Raaijmakers (2004) Defense responses of Fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphlo-roglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 17 1201-1211. 

Protection against pathogens Defensive response to invasion (e.g.. phytoalexins)... 

H. Volpin, Y. Elkin, Y. Okon, and Y. Kapulnik, A vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices induces a defense response in alfalfa roots. Plant Phy.s-iol. 704 683 (1994). 

Low acute amphetamine doses enhance pain-induced aggressive/defensive reactions in mice, rats, and squirrel monkeys (Kostowski 1966 Hoffmeister and Wuttke 1969 Crowley 1972 Powell et al. 1973 Emley and Hutchinson 1972 Emley and Hutchinson 1983). For example, squirrel monkeys subjected to electric shocks to their tails, bite a rubber hose more frequently after being administered amphetamine (0.06 to 1.0 mg/kg, SC) (Emley and Hutchinson 1972 Emley and Hutchinson 1983 Hutchinson et al. 1977). In rats, these pain-induced aggressive/defensive responses increase with doses of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg (Crowley 1972). 

In situations of social conflict, amphetamine increases the frequeney of escape and defensive responses to threats and attacks by a stimulus animal in mice, rats, cats, rhesus monkeys, and squirrel monkeys in a dose-dependent manner (Hoffmeister and Wuttke 1969 Crowley et al. 1974 Miczek and O Donnell 1978 Miczek 1979 Schlemmer and Davis 1981 Haber et al. 1981). Even in the absence of a distinctive behavioral stimulus from an opponent, amphetamine induces escape and defensive responses in mice. Krsiak considered these unprovoked defensive and escape responses as signs of timidity (Krsiak 1975 Krsiak 1979 Poschlova et al. 1977). 

Kantak and Miczek 1986). Amphetamine and cocaine, as well as dopaminergic agonists, increase further the already high levels of defensive responses in aggregated rats undergoing withdrawal from opiates, leading in extreme cases to the death of the subjects (Lai et al. 1971 Puri and Lai 1973). 

There are various severity of illness scoring systems for sepsis and trauma (R11). Severity scoring can be used, in conjunction with other risk factors, to anticipate and evaluate outcomes, such as hospital mortality rate. The most widely used system is the Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) classification system (K12). The APACHE III was developed to more accurately predict hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults (K13). It provides objective probability estimates for critically ill hospitalized patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs). For critically ill posttrauma patients with sepsis or SIRS, another system for physiologic quantitative classification and severity stratification of the host defense response was described recently (R11). However, this Physiologic State Severity Classification (PSSC) has yet not been applied routinely in ICU setting. 

LeVine, A.M., et al., Absence of SP-A modulates innate and adaptive defense responses to pulmonary influenza infection, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 282,3, L563,2002. 

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