In vitro Toxicity

The effect of the shape of silver NPs on antibacterial activity was studied in E. coU [9]. For this, NPs of different shapes were synthesized via solution-phase routes and their interactions with E. coli then studied. As a result, truncated triangular silver NPs with a 1,1,1 lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared to spherical and rod-shaped NPs and Ag. Based on these findings. Pal et al. [9] suggested that the nanoscale size and the presence of a 1,1,1 plane would combine to promote the biocidal property. 

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Xylan-based microparticles were also evaluated regarding their in vitro toxicity. In fact, cross-liked (CLM) and spray-dried microparticles (SDM) based on xylan and ESIOO were produced in order to carry UA and avoid its side effects, namely hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Additionally, CLM and SDM dispersions at concentrations of 50, 125, 250, and 500 pg/ml were placed in contact with human embiyonic Ixmg fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells)... 

Janik F, Wolf HU. 1992. The Ca2-i-transport-atpase of human erythrocytes as an in vitro toxicity test system - acute effects of some chlorinated compounds. J Appl Toxicol 12(5) 351-358. 

Leirskar, J. Helgeland, K. (1987). Mechanism of an in vitro toxicity of restorative materials pH, fluoride and zinc. International Endodontic Journal, 20, 246-7. 

Tyas, M. J. (1977). A method for the in vitro toxicity testing of dentine restorative materials. Journal of Dental Research, 56, 1285. 

Guyton, K. Z. Thompson, J. A. Kensler, T. W. Role of quinone methide in the in vitro toxicity of the skin tumor promoter butylated hydroxytoluene hydroperoxide. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1993, 6, 731-738. 

An in vitro toxicity system is made by three components ... 

Table 7.1 S ummary of cytotoxicity assays used in in vitro toxicity studies on CNTs. 

Table 7.2 Summary of in vitro toxicity outcomes after exposure to CNTs. The term CNTs indicates that the material was not identified as single- (SWNTs) or multi-walled (MWNTs) carbon nanotubes. Percentage of catalytically active transition metals in the CNTs is reported when indicated by the authors. 

Shen, M.W. et al. (2009) Polyethyleneimine-mediated functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes synthesis, characterization, and in vitro toxicity assay. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113 (8), 3150-3156. 

Davoren, M. et al. (2007) In vitro toxicity evaluation of single walled carbon nanotubes on human A549 lung cells. Toxicology in Vitro, 21 (3), 438-448. 

Sarwar M, Kirkegaard JA, Wong PTW, Desmarcheher JM (1998) Biofumigation potential of bras-sicas - III In vitro toxicity of isothiocyanates to soil-borne fungal pathogens. Plant Soil 201 103-112... 

Boelsterli, U.A., Bouis, P., Brouillard, J.F. and Donatsch, P. (1988). In vitro toxicity assessment of cyclosporin A and its analogs in a primary rat hepatocyte culture model. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96 212-221. 

Frazier, J.M. and Bradlow, J.A. (1989). Technical Problems Associated with In Vitro Toxicity Testing Systems. Technical Report 1. Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Baltimore, MA. 

Gad, S.C. (1992). Industrial application for in vitro toxicity testing methods A tier testing strategy for product safety assessment. In In Vitro Toxicity Testing (Frazier, J., Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 253-279. 

Currently available information suggests that the shape of nanomaterials can affect their toxicity in two ways. First, the shape has an effect on the rate of its cellular uptake and second, it can affect the extent of nanomaterial aggregation, altering its cytotoxic properties. A recent in vitro toxicity study showed spherical nanomaterials to be more toxic than rods [120]. It was also shown to be more difficult for elliptical nanomaterials to penetrate the skin layer than spherical nanomaterials [121]. 

Lesniak W, Bielinska AU, Sun K, Janczak KW, Shi X, Baker JR, Balogh LP (2005) Silver/ dendrimer nanocomposites as biomarkers fabrication, characterization, in vitro toxicity, and intracellular detection. Nano Lett 5 2123-2130... 

Three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) analysis for in vitro toxicity of chlorophenols to HepG2 cells Y. Liu, J.N. Chen, J.S. Zhao, H.X. Yu, X.D. Wang, J. Jiang, H.J. Jin, J.F. Zhang and L.S. Wang... 

For in vitro toxicity studies and assessment of the barrier function, drug transport, cell physiology, and metabolism as well as the development of delivery systems, cell culture models provide powerful systems for scientific research. As the corneal epithelium is the main barrier for ocular penetration, various corneal epithelial cell cultures were established besides the corneal constructs that mimic the whole cornea and serve as reductionist models for the ocular barrier. In general, two types of cell culture models are available primary cell cultures and immortalized, continuous cell lines. 

Nakari T, Huhtala S (2010) In vivo and in vitro toxicity of decabromodiphenyl ethane, a flame retardant. Environ Toxicol 25 333-338... 

Aptula, A.O., Patlewicz, G., Roberts, D.W. and Schultz, T.W. (2006) Non-enzymatic glutathione reactivity and in vitro toxicity a non-animal approach to skin sensitization. Toxicology In Vitro An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 20, 239-247. 

The use of in vitro toxicity data and physiologically based kinetic modeling to predict dose-response curves for in vivo developmental toxicity of glycol ethers in rat and man. Toxicol Sci 118(2) 470 84... 

In chapter 3 one of these specific mechanism-based in vitro toxicity tests was studied in more detail. 

Specific mechanism-based in vitro toxicity testing... 

As is implied by its name, the first TNF-a-dependent mechanism described was the induction of tumor necrosis in vivo through its role in tumor vasculature. However the mechanisms of the in vitro toxicity of TNF-a to tumor cells imply apoptosis rather than necrosis [97], Tumor necrosis in SCID (severe combined immuno-deficiency) mice treated with LPS does not lead to the rejection of tumors [98], Furthermore, necrosis and tumor regression must be dissociated since anti-IFN-y antibodies inhibit LPS-induced regression of Meth A sarcoma in mice, but not the necrotic hemorrhage attributed to TNF-a. It is now accepted that the antitumoral effect of TNF-a is indirect and dependent on acquired immune response. Matsumoto et al. [99] reported that, while TNF-a itself has no effect on hepatoma KDH-8 tumor cells in vitro, the antitumoral effect of the lipid A ONO-4007 against KDH-8 tumors in vivo is inhibited by anti-TNF-a antibodies in WKAH rat, showing an indirect effect of TNF-a. 

Bjorge, C., Wiger, R., Holme, J.A., Brunborg, G, Andersen, R., Dybing, E. Soderlund, E.J. (1995) In vitro toxicity of l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in different testicular cell types from rats. Reprod. Toxicol., 9, 461-473... 

Timbrell, J.A., Delaney, J. Waterfield, C.J. (1996) Correlation between in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of foreign compounds. Comp. Haematol, int., 6, 232-236... 

In vivo and in vitro toxicity testing methods are used to assess potential adverse health effects of chemical contaminants. These methods have been used to confirm many suspected substances as toxic and carcinogenic. To date, only a small fraction of the organic makeup of most drinking waters has been elucidated and tested. Broad spectrum... 

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