Patents standardization

Howards previous blocking of crucial industrial developments in the United States was unwitting now he deliberately accepted, in friendly trust, the power to prevent the United States from seizing the Farben patents. Standard Oil even agreed to hold Farben s profits until after the war. This agreement was in a secret memorandum signed by Howard and left with Farben, according to... 

The legal requirements for patentability are threefold—novelty, utility, and nonobvious subject matter. All three must coexist to justify the grant of a patent. Standards by which novelty and unobviousness may be determined are set forth in the law, but no standards have been established for determining utility or usefulness. 

A standard is something that is accepted as an authority or an acknowledged measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative values. Standards become accepted through the reputation of those who create the standard (Malinowsky, 1994, 22). Similar to patents, standards are detailed documents that can provide the engineer with a wealth of unique technical information, which is critical to design engineers. 

A most useful publication based on papers given at four postgraduate lectures on libraries and library services is Library Services for Chemists lithoprinted by the Department of Applied Chemistry of the Royal Melbourne Technical College (Melbourne, The College Press, 1960) and used there as a textbook on the use of the literature. Chapters include the literature of chemistry, specialized chemistry periodicals, searching for information on analytical procedures, making a major literature search, CSIRO libraries, the company special library, university, college, public, and professional society libraries, auxiliary library services, patents standards and punched-card systems, and the methods of science libraries. 

The Zond VD - 96 portable eddy-current flaw detector-tester is an original Russian development possessing heightened sensitivity for the surface defects and high inspection capacity. (Russia patent Xs 2063025. All-Union state standard certificate of Russian Federation JVa 2846 of 14. 07. 97)... 

Tire Ya.rns, A method to iacrease the strength of viscose yam from the 0.2 N /tex (2.2 gf/den) standard to levels needed ia tires was first patented by Courtaulds ia 1935 (18). By raising the ziac concentration ia the spia bath to 4% the thread could be stretched more by immersing it ia a hot dilute acid bath duting extension. Filament strengths iacreased to about 0.3 N/tex (3.3 gf/den), and the cross section became rounder, with a thicker skin than regular viscose. Pairs of these yams were capable of beiag twisted iato tire cords which outperformed traditional cotton cords. 

U.S. Patents. This file, produced by Derwent, Inc., covers U.S. patents from 1971 to the present. The database iacludes all bibliographic and front page information and the text of all claims. (Prom 1971 to 1974 the claims from many patents were not available from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) source tapes, and therefore are not iacluded.) The complete cl aim text can be searched from 1971 but can be ptinted only from 1982. Tides and patentee names are present ia their original form, aeither expanded nor standardized. There is no enhanced iadexiag. Examiner citations are directly searchable, and USPTO classification is updated when the tapes are received from the Patent Office. 

CLAIMS BIBLIO iacludes an abstract and claim ia additioa to basic bibliographic information for chemical and chemically related U.S. patents from 1950 and for all patents from 1963. AH claims are searchable and ptintable from 1971 claims for many patents are not avaHable from 1971 to 1974. Prom 1972, many tides have been enhanced with additional keywords to describe the iavention more clearly and to iadicate the presence of a drawiag chemical stmctures have beea coaverted so that they display ia linear format. Many company names have been standardized, and USPTO classification is updated aimuaHy to reflect reclassification projects. 

In 1962, the first method for welding (qv) metals ia spots along a linear path by explosive detonation was patented (8). This method is not, however, used iadustriaHy. In 1963, a theory that explained how and why cladding occurs was pubHshed (9). Research efforts resulted ia process patents which standardized iadustrial explosion cladding. Several of the patents describe the use of variables iavolved ia parallel cladding which is the most popular form of explosion cladding (10—13). Several excellent reviews on metal cladding have been pubHshed (14—16). 

Another market appHcation for naphthenic acid is the tire industry, where cobalt naphthenate is used as an adhesion promoter (see Adhesives Tire cords). Cobalt naphthenate improves the bonding of brass-plated steel cords to mbber, presumably by suppressing the de-zincification of brass (50). Its first reported use was in 1970 and the first patent for its use was issued in 1975 (51). About 900 t of cobalt naphthenate is used worldwide as an adhesion promoter, half of it in North America. The unit value fluctuates between 8.75—13.25 /kg because of the volatility of cobalt prices. Although it is the industry standard, the use of cobalt naphthenate is declining with the advent of more economical high metal-containing substitutes. 

Even in countries which are not signatories to either the PCT or various regional conventions provided around the world, patent appHcation examination generally foUows a fairly standard pattern. After the first national, home appHcation is filed, subsequent apphcations may then be filed in other countries, within the 12-month time period if such a grace period is provided. If this grace period is not provided, the patent appHcation(s) which are to be filed in non-Paris Convention Countries have to be filed before any event occurs that may destroy the novelty of the invention. Eurther, under U.S. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

In addition to utiHty patents, some countries pubHsh patent documents under different or less stringent standards for patentabiHty and with shorter patent terms. For example, plant patents cover asexually reproduced plants. Design patents cover the decorative aspects of a product. UtiHty models and petty patents cover products with differences from the prior art that need not meet the nonobviousness standards set for utiHty patents. 

Country codes in brackets are obsolete ICIREPAT codes. Country codes in parentheses were used by Derwent PubHcations Ltd. prior to the adoption of International Standards Organization (ISO) country codes. The obsolete codes remain on printed records, but have been replaced by current codes in on-line DATABASES. Eor Japanese patents, Derwent replaced the second character of the country code with the first digit of the pubHcation year prior to 1992 this variant of the company code is stiU found in on-line databases and printed pubHcations. 

The time span covered by CLAIMS is unique chemical patents from 1950, nonchemical patents from 1963. The bibhographic information for pre-1970 patents is unfortunately replete with errors, especially with respect to inventor names. On the other hand, lEI has done an admirable job of standardizing patent assignee names and correcting discrepancies and errors in the originals. 

Standard Code for Identification of Different Kinds of Patent Documents, "Patent Cooperation Treaty," Annex C. 

A commercially interesting low calorie fat has been produced from sucrose. Proctor Gamble has patented a mixture of penta- to octafatty acid ester derivatives of sucrose under the brand name Olestra. It was approved by the FDA in January 1996 for use as up to 100% replacement for the oil used in preparing savory snacks and biscuits. Olestra, a viscous, bland-tasting Hquid insoluble in water, has an appearance and color similar to refined edible vegetable oils. It is basically inert from a toxicity point of view as it is not metabolized or absorbed. It absorbs cholesterol (low density Hpoprotein) and removes certain fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Hence, Olestra has to be supplemented with these vitamins. No standard LD q tests have been performed on Olestra however, several chronic and subchronic studies were performed at levels of 15% in the diet, and no evidence of toxicity was found. No threshold limit value (TLV), expressed as a maximum exposure per m of air, has been estabhshed, but it is estimated to be similar to that of an inert hpid material at 5 mg/m. ... 

Physical Chemical Characterization. Thiamine, its derivatives, and its degradation products have been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (9,10). The ultraviolet spectmm of thiamine shows pH-dependent maxima (11). H, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra show protonation occurs at the 1-nitrogen, and not the 4-amino position (12—14). The H spectmm in D2O shows no resonance for the thiazole 2-hydrogen, as this is acidic and readily exchanged via formation of the thiazole yUd (13) an important intermediate in the biochemical functions of thiamine. Recent work has revised the piC values for the two ionization reactions to 4.8 and 18 respectively (9,10,15). The mass spectmm of thiamine hydrochloride shows no molecular ion under standard electron impact ionization conditions, but fast atom bombardment and chemical ionization allow observation of both an intense peak for the patent cation and its major fragmentation ion, the pyrimidinylmethyl cation (16). 

Enzymes in the Tannery. The processing of skins and hides for leather (qv) has been based on enzymes ever since 1908 when Otto Rn hm patented the first standardized bate based on pancreatic enzymes (78). Leather chemistry research helped to improve understanding of the bating process, and at the same time spurred on developments to improve leather processing (79). 

The patent of Russia No. 2239170. A method of the preparation of standard samples of the atmospherie aerosols loaded on the filter / Korzhova E.N., Smagunova A.N., Kuznetsova O.V., Kozlov V.A. 

In the 1980s, IN 738 blades were widely used. IN-738, was the acknowledged corrosion standard for the industry. New alloys, such as GTD-111, were developed and patented by GE in the mid-1970s. GTD-111 possesses about a 35 °F (20 °C) improvement in rupture strength as compared to IN-738. GTD-111 is also superior to IN-738 in low-cycle fatigue strength. 

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