Codes and standards

All cable references contained in this text are based upon cable specifications in Germany as required by DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen). We are aware that these specifications may or may not be applicable to the reader s specific requirements, and we therefore recommend the reader consult local standards and codes to ensure compliance with the necessary local codes. Some of the cables are defined in a list of American and European electrical cable sizes located in the front of this book. 

The scope and terms used are well defined and includes a listing of standards and codes for reference. The purchaser is required to make decisions regarding gear-rated horsepower and rated input and output speeds. 

In the current review, the term effectiveness of air distribution will be used to describe the ratio of the occupied zone area (where thermal comfort and contaminant concentration are within ranges required by standards and codes) to the total occupied zone area. This hygienic criterion allows one to judge how well the HVAC system fulfills its main task—creating thermal comfort conditions and controlling contaminants in the occupied zone. 

This would check probity, conformance with professional standards and codes. 

Chapter 2 is a general discnssion of die historical development of DBAs, and an overview of the applicable standards and codes is presented. 

Snhseqnent chapters cover installation considerations (Chapter 6), inspection and maintenance practices (Chapter 7), regnlations, standards, and codes, inclnding certification test protocols (Chapter 8), and some illnstrative examples (Chapter 9). Chapter 10 provides a snmmary of the present state-of-the-art and what other information and research is needed, followed hy appendixes, a glossary, and snggested additional reading. 

This section is an overview of the evolntion of standards and codes for flame arresters from varions organizations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Enropean conntries. Brief snmmaries of the contents and reqnirements of varions standards and codes are presented in Chapter 8. 

The editions that were in effect when this book was written are indicated below. Because standards and codes are subject to revision, users are encouraged to apply only the most recent editions. 

Comparison of Various Flame Arrester Standards and Codes... 

Table 8-1 presents a comparison of test requirements in various US and foreign standards and codes for end-of-line and in-line deflagration flame arresters. A comparison of test requirements in various US and foreign standards and codes for in-line detonation flame arresters is similarly presented in Table 8-2. The UL and EM test criteria closely follow the USCG criteria.

Heaters and furnaces should also be designed in accordance with standards and codes. Boilers and heating units must be inspected periodically in accordance with codes, insurance requirements and state regulations. Proper controls, interlocks and fail-safe instnunentation must be provided. The heaters should also be provided with sight glasses for flame observation, monitoring devices for flame-out detection, and temperature alarms. 

Standards and codes have very speeific safety requirements for Uie design of tanks for flaimiiable liquids or gases and pressurized chemicals such as aimnonia. Overpressure devices and vents are included in Uie design. Tank and vessel supports should be built for the ma.ximum intended load. 

Due to the importance of complying tvith all standards and regulations, and the necessary reduction in detail in such a summary as presented here, it is recommended that the ASME, API and NFPA standards and codes be consulted for final design detail and installation conformity. 

The need for building control arose primarily to protect the health and safety of the population and, latterly, to conserve fuel and power and prevent waste. Local and State Building Regulations give standards of performance necessary in the building and, as such, make reference to national and international standards and codes of practice. The regulations cover two areas of health and safety and can be subdivided as follows ... 

If extensions are being made to existing facilities or buildings adjacent to traditional stmctures then this may require the use of brickwork cladding or block and render in order to satisfactorily marry with the existing stmctures. Care must be taken to ensure such extensions/additions meet current building regulations, bylaws, standards and codes of practice. 

Make sure that the drawings, specifications and bid documents are clear and unambiguous. Do not rely on exclusion clauses in the specification or bid document. Have designs checked and use methods and equipment that comply with British Standards and Codes of Practice. 

The number and quality of the safety shut-off valves required is specified in the relevant Standards and Codes of Practice. These are usually electrically operated valves conforming to class 1 or class 2 as defined in BS 5963, Specification for electrically-operated automatic gas shutoff valves (1981). This specifies forward pressures and reverse pressures that the valve must withstand in the closed position together with closing times. 

All pipework must be installed to the appropriate standard and codes of practice. The degree of insulation will be suitable for the temperature of the pipework, although the finish may vary, depending upon site preferences. Valve boxes are recommended, although on some low-pressure installations these are not always included. 

In USA the major obstacle to using plastics in the past has been to convert standards and codes to include the use of plastics. There were standards and codes where plastic would meet all their requirements with flying colors except when they specifically stated that the material to be used had to be iron, steel, or other material (not plastics). Eventually (years passed) and plastics were included. So plastics could not be used until other materials such as plastics would be included or no specific material was specified. Outside USA the changes in most cases were immediately particularly immediately after 1945. 

Rupture disk, 455 Safety relief valves, 454, 467, 481 Specifications, centrifugal pumps, 209 Spray nozzle particle size, 225 Standards and Codes, 31, 32, 33 Static electricity, 536 Static mixing, 332 Applications, 336 Calculations, 337, 338 Materials of construction, 337 Principles of operation, 335 Type of equipment 334-338... 

---